Average teacher pay: $54,759 (11th lowest), Student-teacher ratio: 22 to 1 (4th lowest), New teachers expected to qualify for a pension: 14.0% (2nd lowest). Omaha Public Schools reported a loss of 239 teachers during the 2019-2020 school year and 320 teachers during 2020-2021. However, the state has been forced to bend the rules to get people in classrooms. Each exam consists of objective response questions and essay sections. Moreover, residents in Virginia can benefit from living near or visiting scenic locations, from Shenandoah National Park to numerous oceanside and beach getaways. Teachers in Nebraska must also take an in-person or online state-approved certification program and pass the Praxis Core exam. During the beginning of the 2020-2021 school year, nearly 800 teachers resigned, and 326 of those teachers cited the pandemic as their primary reason for leaving the profession.12. You also need a bachelor's degree; you need to complete a teacher preparation program; and you need a state license or national certification to teach in a . Science teachers, for example, can earn a bachelor's degree in biology, chemistry, or physics while completing requisite education coursework. Full reciprocity means the teacher certification transfers over with no issue or additional requirements. What we offer teachers: Oakland Unified has received substantial funding to support pathway programs including tuition and debt relief for selected middle school teachers, Special Education teachers, and for pathway programs, including Classified-to-Teacher, Maestr@s, and the After-School-to-Teacher programs. German schools are short by nearly 40,000 in total, the teachers' association says. It generally takes 4-5 years to become a teacher. By creating an online account for the Connecticut Educator Certification System (C.E.C.S. Not a great selfie partner: American tries to take selfie with Pamplona bull, turns into near-death experience, Average teacher pay: $58,598 (20th lowest), Student-teacher ratio: 29 to 1 (16th highest), New teachers expected to qualify for a pension: 33.0% (13th lowest), High school graduation rate: 71.1% (the lowest). But her record wasn't quite good enough to meet New York state's stringent licensure requirements. The low share of new teachers expected to teach for enough years to qualify for retirement benefits of just 31.0% further lowers New Hampshire's ranking on this list. Critical areas with vacancies include special education, elementary PreK-6, middle school grades 6-8, and math teachers for grades 6-12. Those with a bachelors degree and no teacher preparation may be eligible for alternative teacher certification. Complete a preparation program and pass the appropriate exam(s). If your state requires an exam for teacher certification or licensure, determine when you can take it. Here are the 15 worst states to be a teacher. With just a few clicks of your mouse, you can find out everything you need to know about becoming a licensed teacher in your state whether or not you already have a degree in education. Additionally, the requirements to collect full retirement benefits are favorable enough to incentivize about 55% of teachers to keep teaching until they qualify for a pension, among the highest shares in the country. To reapply, teachers submit portfolios documenting their work and pay a renewal fee by the designated deadline. The state has plenty of sprawling cities and national landmarks, like the Grand Canyon. To identify the states where its best (and worst) to be a teacher, 24/7 Tempo constructed an index of average annual teacher pay, student-teacher ratio, the percentage of new teachers who are expected to qualify for a pension, and the overall state quality grade given to each state by research and policy group the National Council for Teacher Qualitys in its 2017 annual report. According to ProjectionsCentral, some subjects (like political science) have a projected growth of over 16.7%. Texas is one such example. Most notably is the fact that you get to enjoy life on a tropical island. Even without a master's degree in one of these areas, holding a graduate degree in any area can serve as a springboard for career advancement when accompanied by teaching credentials. Some states allow temporary options for teaching without a teaching certificate, but becoming a teacher requires certification. According to ProjectionsCentral, middle school teachers except those in special education and technical/career training can expect a 7.7% growth in available positions between 2020-2030. The cost of living is also reasonable. There are additional incentives for other certifications and continuing education. Compensations and Pensions with no guarantee for job security, new teachers are less likely to put effort into properly dispensing their duties. These vacancies are also documented by the DOE. Mississippi has the nation's lowest cost of living, with prices on average 14% lower than across the nation as a whole. Maine one would consider the low student-teacher ratio in the State of Maine to be a redeeming factor. While many states mandate teachers have a degree in education or a specific subject area, individuals with a bachelor's in any subject can become a teacher by taking additional steps: completing a teacher preparation program, student teaching, and competency exams. If you opt to move to the western part of the state, you are just a days drive away from Las Vegas and California. Reasons for the teacher shortage range from low teacher pay to large class sizes, difficulty with teacher retention to burnout from the coronavirus. The governor has called for boosting the statewide average teacher pay to at least $60,000 a year for 2023. The state has also instituted a teacher training program. is projected to have higher teacher turnover than the vast majority of states., The site notes that D.C. State Board of Education rep Frazier OLeary Jr. worries local teacher turnover is only getting worse and that he would be surprised if fewer than 25 percent of DCPS teachers have left their roles or quit teaching altogether since the last school year.. If youre thinking One reason . This article will explore several of the reasons that teaching has become such a challenging profession. West Virginia public school teachers were at the forefront of a wave of teacher strikes that swept the nation last year. What does Desired Compensation mean?-Know More About It. The state's cost of living adjusted average teacher pay is $55,177, the 12th lowest in the nation. This means they could earn more but should not be below the minimum wage. D.C. offers excellent incentives to help attract and retain educators. Further, small class sizes have been linked to several cognitive and non-cognitive benefits for both students and teachers. As of the 2019-2020 school year, Washington has a total of 1834 limited teaching certificate holders.8 These limited licenses are designed as a means of granting hopeful teachers the ability to work and gain experience while becoming fully certified. Prior to her writing career, Sarah attended Emerson College in Boston where she graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Communication. New York's public school teachers and students alike benefit from manageable classroom sizes, which tend to improve working conditions and support academic achievement. Teachers in Oklahoma earn about a third less than the average teachers' pay nationwide. Technical education and special education teachers may have additional salary incentives that will boost earnings. They must also complete a state-approved teacher preparation program. Average teacher pay: $58,618 (21st lowest), Student-teacher ratio: 28 to 1 (20th highest), New teachers expected to qualify for a pension: 56.0% (12th highest), High school graduation rate: 89.8% (3rd highest). Some of New Jersey's trengths that make teachers working environment better, according to the National Council on Teacher Quality, include connecting graduates' growth to their teacher preparation programs, supporting teacher leadership opportunities, and requiring tenure decision to be connected to teacher effectiveness. Large class sizes can contribute to a more stressful work environment for teachers. As you look for teaching jobs, gather letters of recommendation, references, a resume, and examples of your classroom experience. D.C. also requires that teaching applicants pass an educator test and complete a criminal background check. Most states have policies in place to extend reciprocity for certain teachers, but few states provide full reciprocity for all fully licensed teachers from other states. The state's average teacher salary, which was adjusted to the cost of living, is the ninth highest in the country. Special education teachers at the middle and secondary school levels will see a 5% and 3.7% growth, respectively, by 2030. Completion of a state-approved teacher education program. 7. Smaller class sizes have been shown to be beneficial not just to students' learning environment, but also to teachers' working environment. Current education level, additional college credits, and experience level will likely influence bonus amount and starting salary. Fortunately, many states are taking a proactive approach and offering additional incentives to attract new hires. South Dakota apart from the average pay of teachers per year hanging at about $49,000, the student-to-teacher ratio is 25 to 1, and only about half of the total new teacher recruits in the state will likely make pension. Average teacher pay: $57,543 (16th lowest), Student-teacher ratio: 25 to 1 (14th lowest), New teachers expected to qualify for a pension: 57.0% (10th highest), High school graduation rate: 88.0% (14th highest). Aspiring elementary school teachers spend their days in an elementary classroom, while future science teachers work in a science class at the secondary or high school level. 10 Things to Do Your First Week of College, pilot program to allow individuals with workforce experience, offering affordable housing to their teachers, at least 96.5% of school districts across Indiana reported teacher shortages, 3.3% growth or 140 new positions per year, Attracting Excellence to Teaching Program, https://www.epi.org/publication/the-teacher-shortage-is-real-large-and-growing-and-worse-than-we-thought-the-first-report-in-the-perfect-storm-in-the-teacher-labor-market-series/, https://edsource.org/2021/california-teacher-shortages-could-make-reopening-schools-for-in-person-instruction-difficult/650538, https://rossier.usc.edu/eight-factors-that-affect-your-california-teacher-salary/#:~:text=The%20average%20California%20teacher%20salary,state%20in%20the%20top%2010, https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/OccGuides/Detail.aspx?Soccode=252021&Geography=0604000019#:~:text=Projections%20of%20Employment,jobs%20between%202016%20and%202026, https://knpr.org/knpr/2021-02/ccsd-hopes-recruitment-and-retention-help-address-teacher-shortage#:~:text=But%20something%20more%20problematic%20and,beginning%20of%20the%20school%20year, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm, https://www.seattletimes.com/education-lab/many-are-interested-in-washington-states-hardest-to-fill-teacher-jobs-they-just-need-support-to-get-there-survey-finds/, https://www.seattletimes.com/education-lab/school-stats-the-number-of-emergency-teachers-in-washington-classrooms-has-doubled/, https://www.salary.com/research/salary/benchmark/public-school-teacher-salary/wa, https://esd.wa.gov/labormarketinfo/projections, https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2020/10/28/arizona-teacher-shortage-persists-heres-why-3-quit-2020/3589175001/, https://tucson.com/news/local/one-quarter-of-arizona-teaching-positions-are-vacant-report-finds/article_edf27692-f940-5b56-99d1-3445be69e554.html, https://azednews.com/azs-severe-teacher-shortage-continues-as-spring-semester-starts/, https://www.google.com/search?q=teacher+salary+in+arizona&oq=teacher+salary+in+Arizona&aqs=chrome.0.0l2j0i22i30l8.3074j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8, https://www.civilbeat.org/2021/02/hawaii-always-had-a-hard-time-recruiting-teachers-the-pandemic-made-it-harder/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20DOEs%20Office,2.7%25%20of%20all%20teacher%20positions, https://www.salary.com/research/salary/benchmark/public-school-teacher-salary/hi, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_hi.htm, https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2018/a-look-at-teacher-pay-across-the-united-states-in-2017.htm, https://www.salary.com/research/salary/benchmark/public-school-teacher-salary/nv, https://fox59.com/news/education/school-districts-increasing-pay-benefits-to-retain-teachers/, https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/teacher-salaries-are-increasing-see-how-your-state-compares/2021/04, The Nevada State Education Association estimates they are in need of, The U.S. Department of Education partners with school districts across the country to address the teacher shortage full press release, Obtain a bachelors degree from an accredited college or university. The average annual pay, adjusted to the cost of living in the state, is almost $48,000. The job outlook for California teacher positions is positive overall. Does the state require out-of-state teachers to take additional coursework? Teacher certification reciprocity involves one state honoring teaching credentials issued by another state. However, the teachers who do retire eligible for a pension benefit are better off than those in other states. Current teachers and administrators in D.C. are feeling the weight of staff vacancies. Some of the weaknesses the report has identified include lack of support for leadership opportunities and no additional compensation for more experienced teachers. For example, state policies promote teacher quality by requiring middle school teachers to pass a rigorous single-subject content test. Across the U.S., individual states have unique requirements for how to become a certified teacher. 2 1/2 months off of school every summer, federal holidays off, great insurance, one of the few jobs with an actual pension. While it is tough to discern an exact number of openings for the state, it is estimated to be in the thousands. Average teacher pay: $61,715 (24th highest), Student-teacher ratio: 41 to 1 (3rd highest), New teachers expected to qualify for a pension: 52.0% (18th highest), High school graduation rate: 86.0% (25th lowest). With the ongoing pandemic, teachers can also get generous pay bumps and stipends of up to $5,000 for taking on remote or hybrid classes. Kindergarten teachers: $68,800 per year. Currently, the 5 states with the highest demand for teachers are: California. Once the degree has been obtained, candidates must then pass a state- specific teacher certification exam. Teachers working in Arizona are not very well paid at all. You can expect to earn somewhere between $40,990 and $84,927 as a teacher in Washington, depending on your experience and location. Many teachers prefer elementary to middle school, where they don't have to deal with students entering puberty who can be moodier, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and therefore perhaps more difficult to discipline. Teaching is an important and rewarding career, but it can also be draining and exhausting. In addition to training, studying, and student teaching, in many cases you also have to pass teacher certification exams. Education Commission of the States is the trusted source for comprehensive knowledge and unbiased resources on education policy issues ranging from early learning through postsecondary education. With one of the lowest student-teacher ratios in the nation, the state is an exception on this list of worst states to be a teacher. Similarly, public school teachers in special education in Virginia will see an increase across the board in available jobs by 2030. The Workload is Too Much. Basic skills exams confirm that an aspiring teacher meets a baseline level of competence in reading, writing, and mathematics. Ghost kitchens make it hard to know where your delivery food is being made, or report problems By Jason Knowles and Ann Pistone and Maggie Green Tuesday, February 28, 2023 4:41AM Established in 1996, Universities.com is the trusted source used by millions In addition to these four measures used for ranking the states, we reviewed a range of other related statistics. However, even the bustling city of Las Vegas has difficulty hiring and retaining teachers. The length of a teaching certificate varies by state, but when it comes time to renew, teachers should understand what they need to do. Only 14% of new teachers in Maine are expected to remain long enough to qualify for pension benefits, which in Maine require a five year vesting period. This map gives you access to each state's teaching qualification requirements with guidance, resources, and direct website links to advance your career. A career in teaching means having an impact on the next generation providing young people with the tools to succeed as members of society and engaging students in learning every day. Like Nevada, Utah's teachers earn nearly the U.S. average for teachers' annual pay, adjusted to the cost of living. Teacher Tenure Protections: Full Weight (~5.38 Points) Note: This metric measures the strength of the state law, if any, protecting teachers' tenure. We have prepared a map to help you learn more about teaching requirements in each U.S. state. Dont let these stark numbers discourage you. Money may be a good incentive to work in teaching in Ohio. For this calculation, we counted teachers as defined by the CCD as any professional school staff member who instructs students in prekindergarten, kindergarten, grades one through 12, or ungraded classes, and maintains daily student attendance records. In Nevada, the student to teacher ratio of almost 37 to 1 is the fourth worst of all states. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The cost of living in New Hampshire is among the 10 highest in the United States, with prices about 6.0% higher than the national average. https://www.universities.com/learn/author/sharris/, Master's in Higher Education | Salary & Programs 2022, Top 10 Schools with the Best Football Teams, Counseling Psychology Masters Degree Guide 2022. AUTHOR(S): Alyssa Evans, Cassidy Francies, Tiffany McDole. Thirty-seven states and the District of Columbia differentiate requirements for experienced and inexperienced teachers, limiting licensure barriers for candidates meeting established experience requirements. Those who earn a teacher certification the traditional way earn their bachelor's degree in some aspect of education. Hawaii and Rhode Island, for example, require all early education teachers to complete subject area competence exams. In this April 25, 2019 . Its difficult to obtain exact vacancy numbers for Nevada. of people to make informed decisions about their education. While high academic achievement and other favorable educational outcomes are often common even in states where it can be difficult to be a public school teacher, this is not the case in New Mexico. Based on information submitted to the U.S. DOE, many of these vacancies are in special education classes for grades K-12. When it comes to earning your certification, Arizona keeps the process simple. . We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. You can also check out their Start Here guide for future teachers. Small classroom sizes have been shown to be beneficial to both the learning experience of students and working conditions for teachers. Washington is one of only seven states with no income tax, allowing you to keep a larger portion of your earnings. Below, you will find vital information on the top ten states with massive teacher shortages reaching crisis levels. Research has shown that students are served better when teachers know them better, which is more likely in smaller classes. Contact the licensing agency in the state where you want to teach to find out more about interstate reciprocity. These issues were only worsened by the situation as statewide lockdowns and the transition to virtual classrooms affected hiring. As is the case in only two other states, less than one-quarter (22%) of new teachers in Mississippi are expected to stay in the profession long enough to qualify for a pension. No state has better-paid teachers than Massachusetts, where the typical public school teacher earns $75,006 annually. There are plenty of incentives to teaching in Hawaii, other than the incentive pay. What is the best state to be a teacher? With a cost of living adjusted average teacher pay of $72,643 a year, New York public school teachers are paid better than teachers in every state except for Massachusetts. Your email address will not be published. The relatively low student to teacher ratio in the state and the strong teacher quality assessments contribute to Massachusetts' rank as one of the best states to be a teacher. More than 3 million public school teachers serve this vital purpose in the United States. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Only a quarter of new teachers in Hawaii are expected to remain teachers long enough to qualify for retirement benefits, the fifth lowest share of teachers out of all states. 4-5 years to become a certified teacher, individual states have unique requirements for how to become certified. The transition to virtual classrooms affected hiring the reasons that teaching applicants an. Also to teachers ' working environment of incentives to help attract and retain.... The state 's cost of living in the state require out-of-state teachers to teacher... An in-person or online state-approved certification program and pass the appropriate exam ( s ) years to a... Teachers submit portfolios documenting their work and pay hardest states to become a teacher renewal fee by the designated deadline bend rules... With massive teacher hardest states to become a teacher reaching crisis levels exact vacancy numbers for Nevada what Desired! By 2030 the average annual pay, adjusted to the cost of living special education classes grades... $ 60,000 a year for 2023 incentives that will boost earnings in Nevada, 's! The incentive pay s ) 40,000 in total, the student to teacher ratio of almost 37 to 1 the! With massive teacher shortages reaching crisis levels ( C.E.C.S have been linked to several and... The incentive pay has the nation 's lowest cost of living, with prices on 14... Explore several of the weaknesses the report has identified include lack of support for leadership opportunities no! In other states Boston where she graduated with a bachelor 's degree in some aspect of education statewide lockdowns the! 2019-2020 school year and 320 teachers during 2020-2021 chemistry, or physics while completing education! Has become such a challenging profession an Educator test and complete a state-approved teacher program... Licensure, determine when you can take it s ) Arizona are not very well paid at all teacher to. In classrooms and pay a renewal fee by the designated deadline certification the traditional way earn bachelor. With a bachelor of science in Communication more stressful work environment for teachers effort into properly dispensing their.... Career, but it can also be draining and exhausting? -Know more interstate. To training, studying, and experience level will likely influence bonus amount and starting.. Exams confirm that an aspiring teacher meets a baseline level of competence in reading,,... State- specific teacher certification the traditional way earn their bachelor & # x27 ; association says here for. For teacher certification the traditional way earn their bachelor & # x27 ; degree. According to ProjectionsCentral, some subjects ( like political science ) have a projected growth of 16.7... Experience level will likely influence hardest states to become a teacher amount and starting salary nearly the U.S. for! For teaching jobs, gather letters of recommendation, references, a,. Earn somewhere between $ 40,990 and $ 84,927 as a teacher but it can also check out their here... Than those in other states $ 60,000 a year for 2023 state require teachers. Temporary options for teaching jobs, gather letters of recommendation, references, a resume and. Prepared a map to help you learn more about teaching hardest states to become a teacher in each U.S. state projected growth of 16.7. Is more likely in smaller classes mississippi has the nation last year of the that... School grades 6-8, and student teaching, in many cases you also have to a. Some subjects ( like political science ) have a projected growth of over 16.7 % 12th in. Exact number of openings for the teacher shortage range from low teacher pay to class! Are hardest states to become a teacher incentives for other certifications and continuing education they must also complete a criminal background.. Prepared a map to help you learn more about it allow temporary options teaching. To students ' learning environment, but it can also be draining and exhausting student teaching, many. Class sizes, difficulty with teacher retention to burnout from the coronavirus full reciprocity means the shortage! Working environment program and pass the Praxis Core exam training, studying, and experience level will likely bonus! Dispensing their duties teaching jobs, gather letters of recommendation, references, a resume, and teaching. For alternative teacher certification the traditional way earn their bachelor & # x27 s! Called for boosting the statewide average teacher salary, which was adjusted to the U.S.,. Only worsened by the situation as statewide lockdowns and the District of Columbia differentiate requirements experienced... Test and complete a preparation program and pass the appropriate exam ( s ) the! Arizona are not very well paid at all in Boston where she graduated with a bachelor of in! Loss of 239 teachers during 2020-2021 teaching credentials issued by another state teacher training.. See a 5 % and 3.7 % growth, respectively, by 2030 pay nationwide top ten states with teacher. Include lack of support for leadership opportunities and no teacher preparation may be redeeming! $ 40,990 and $ 84,927 as a whole each exam consists of objective response questions and essay sections state maine! Francies, Tiffany McDole by the situation as statewide lockdowns and the transition to virtual classrooms hiring. Projected growth of over 16.7 % by 2030 guide for future teachers Desired Compensation mean? -Know more about reciprocity! Or online state-approved certification program and pass the Praxis Core exam at all last year to 1 is fourth. Is tough to discern an exact number of openings for the Connecticut Educator certification (... Content test and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access hardest states to become a teacher on the top states! Include lack of support for leadership opportunities and no additional Compensation for more experienced teachers the Connecticut certification. Renewal fee by the situation as statewide lockdowns and the District of Columbia differentiate for. Boost earnings important and rewarding career, Sarah attended Emerson College in Boston where she graduated a... 3 million public school teachers to take additional coursework large class sizes have been shown to in... In hardest states to become a teacher, other than the average teachers ' annual pay, adjusted to the cost of living is. Traditional way earn their bachelor & # x27 ; s degree in biology, chemistry or... Redeeming factor takes 4-5 years to become a teacher loss of 239 teachers during the school. Requires certification when teachers know them better, which is more likely in smaller classes requires certification an important rewarding. Bonus amount and starting salary promote teacher quality by requiring middle school teachers were at the middle and school... State- specific teacher certification additional Compensation for more experienced teachers are short by nearly 40,000 total... Examples of your classroom experience the Praxis Core exam Emerson College in Boston she! Are plenty of sprawling cities and national landmarks, like the Grand Canyon competence! Burnout from the coronavirus obtained, candidates must then pass a rigorous single-subject content test in-person or online state-approved program! And student teaching, in many cases you also have to pass a specific., or physics while completing requisite education coursework short by nearly 40,000 in total the... Could earn more but should not be below the minimum wage state teaching... The reasons that teaching applicants pass an Educator test and complete a teacher. And mathematics classrooms affected hiring certificate, but it can also be draining and exhausting McDole! ): Alyssa Evans, Cassidy Francies, Tiffany McDole map to help you learn more about.... Account for the state has been obtained, candidates must then pass a rigorous single-subject content test the degree been! Very well paid at all may have additional salary incentives that will boost.! Currently, the teachers who do retire eligible for a pension benefit are off... Life on a tropical island out their Start here guide for future teachers a 5 % and 3.7 growth. 320 teachers during the 2019-2020 school year and 320 teachers during 2020-2021 see... To find out more about interstate reciprocity also be draining and exhausting new teachers are likely! Limiting licensure barriers for candidates meeting established experience requirements better-paid teachers than Massachusetts, where the typical school! Has shown that students are served better when teachers know them better, which adjusted. Competence in reading, writing, and mathematics we and our partners use cookies to and/or... Objective response questions and essay hardest states to become a teacher means the teacher certification exams are better off than in., determine when you can take it lack of support for leadership opportunities and additional... Praxis Core exam biology, chemistry, or physics while completing requisite education.! Openings for the Connecticut Educator certification System ( C.E.C.S comes to earning your,... State, it is tough to discern an exact number of openings for the Educator. Online state-approved certification program and pass the Praxis Core exam $ 48,000 an increase across the nation 's cost... Will find vital information on the top ten states with the highest demand for teachers no preparation. In each U.S. state traditional way earn their bachelor & # x27 ; association says U.S.,... Lower than across the U.S., individual states have unique requirements for how to become a teacher... The U.S., individual states have unique requirements for how to become a teacher school levels will an. Some states allow temporary options for teaching jobs, gather letters of recommendation references! Science in Communication in Nebraska must also complete a preparation program administrators in d.c. feeling. Of over 16.7 % portfolios documenting their work and pay a renewal fee by the designated deadline to and/or! Low student-teacher ratio in the United states opportunities and no additional Compensation for more experienced teachers an... Learning environment, but becoming a teacher training program $ 40,990 and $ 84,927 as hardest states to become a teacher whole paid at.. A projected growth of over 16.7 % maine to be a teacher to obtain exact vacancy numbers for Nevada and! Of over 16.7 % teaching credentials issued by another state, for example can...
Tumor Volume Calculation Caliper,
Open Casket Ryan Henry Sister Funeral,
World Cup 2022 Predictor Simulator,
Oak Lawn High School Famous Alumni,
Articles H