Cesare Ripa, 1610. Shakespeare incorporated humoral theory into his work because it was a prevailing medical theory at the time. the old fellow, making him say that "yonder cloud," first, is "like a camel," then, "like a weasel," and, finally, "like a whale." the first skull he says: "It might be the pate of a politician . In addition to age, gender, diet, and a host of other factors, humors were even thought to be connected to appearance. In early accounts of human physiology, a person's physical and mental disposition was thought to be governed by a combination of fluids, or humours, within the body.Four humours were recognized: blood, phlegm, choler (also called yellow bile), and melancholy (also called black bile or black choler).The notion transferred readily into a range of senses to do with temperament, mood, inclination . This is the humour of regeneration and is supported by herbs that are either cooling and drying to help regulate blood, such as agrimony (, ), or herbs that are warming and moistening to nourish and increase blood flow, such as linden (. Ben Jonson. Badger, 1916. Shakespeare was too good a judge of character and of human nature to mingle such humor with madness. Hamlet was written in the early 17th century around 1600 or 1601 and first performed in 1602. FOOTNOTE 1: Humor in Tragedy, by Sir Herbert Tree. Discover humorism and the four humors written about by Hippocrates during Greek times. One of the most outstanding characteristics of Hamlet is his subtle and persistent humor. Shakespeareswriting is one of the most important sources for the knowledge we have about medicine in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. Describe the four humors as established by ancient Greek and Roman physicians Apply their knowledge of the four humors to their analysis of Hamlet. The greatest benefit to mankind: A medical history of humanity. The roots of humorism go back to Empedocles (c.495-435 BCE), a Greek philosopher who suggested that different qualities of the four basic elementsearth (cold Humoral theory meant that the effect of an imbalance of the humors would cause predictable changes in a person's behavior and health. Soliloquy Analysis: Tis now the very witching time of night (3.2.380-91) When he needs what you have gleaned, it is but Information offered on Herbal Academy websites is for educational purposes only. ), stinging nettle (Urtica dioicia), and yarrow (Achillea Millefoliium), or herbs that are warming and moistening to nourish and increase blood flow, such as linden (Tilia), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.). Retrieved from, (O. Powell, Trans.). In our role as herbalists to support the body using natures gifts, may we remember the wisdom given to us by our ancestral teachers. So Hamlet wasnt always so miserable; something happened to change his temperament. Words by Nelly EkstrmAverage reading time 4 minutes 11 December 2016 Article Ancient Greece | Galen & The Four Humours 60 Second Histories 3.45K subscribers Subscribe 121 Share 7K views 1 year ago MEDICINE IN TIME In this video Galen explains what the four humours. The exhibit uses materials from the historical collections of NLM to explore the prevailing belief of the . William Shakespeare notably used humoral theory in his plays as a way to describe his characters in terms that would have been familiar to his audience. They should then have a quarter as much yellow bile as phlegm, and a quarter as much black bile as yellow bile. As a class review the two handouts and tell students that they are to examine closely Hamlet's temperament during the exposition and rising action part of the play's dramatic structure. , the element of earth (cold and dry), although not easily translatable from ancient Greek texts, has a retentive and solidifying force on metabolism and bone building. Centaury. Instead of seeking cures from gods and goddesses, who were often blamed for illness and to whom the sick begged for forgiveness, people began focusing more on medicine, philosophy, and the natural sciences for greater understanding of how the body worked. Similarly, the four humours loosely correspond to the wheel of Traditional Chinese Medicine. There were four humours. The melancholic character was easy to recognise on an Elizabethan stage. He believed that a humoral imbalance could result in illness. Revenge in Hamlet Fringe medicine. Not one now, to spacious in the possession of dirt." In Act V, Hamlet, Claudius, Laertes and Queen Gertrude are all poisoned, and Hamlets father is, of course, murdered by the dripping of poison in his ear before the play even begins. 109 0 obj <> endobj It dictated that the human body was made up of four substances that dictated a person's personality and could affect their health. Today, this Shakespeare quote is often adapted for humorous effect. HUMORALISM ( ebb-e jlinusi/ebb-e yunni ), or Galenism, a medical philosophy that considers illness as an imbalance in the body's four elemental humors ( a-hr el ), which are identified as blood ( un, dam ), phlegm ( balam ), yellow bile ( afr ), and black bile ( sawd ). Where be his quiddits now, his quillets, his cases, his tenures, and his tricks? Curator Gail Kern Paster explains "The four humors were an early typology for human personality. 'The rest is silence.' The four humours were literally bodily fluids, but were associated with personality traits, which is why we still talk about someone being "good-humoured." Perfect physical and mental health would occur if the various humours were balanced, meaning that they were in the proper proportion in the body. Jack Falstaff is fat, lazy, cowardly, dishonest and sentimental, but the audience loved him despite all his faults. On squeezing you, and, sponge, you shall be dry again. Humor and madness do not travel the same road. The four major fluids in the bodyyellow bile, phlegm, black bile and bloodwhich the Greeks believed corresponded to the four elementsfire, water, earth and airin the universe. Soliloquy Analysis: Now might I do it pat (3.3.77-100) (date when you accessed the information) < http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/humourhamlet.html >. Regardless of how different ancient civilizations developed their systems of medicine, it is both impressive and reassuring that many of these concepts overlapsignifying the universal truths of wellness and the use of herbs across both time and distance. The theory of the four humours informed many of Shakespeare's best-known characters, including the phlegmatic Falstaff. Oh, you must wear your rue with a difference. Nelly Ekstrm is a Visitor Experience Assistant, bringing the galleries and exhibitions to life. Yet Shakespeare understood personality and health in the terms available to his agethat of the now-discarded theory of the four bodily humors. As Hippocrates said, Grief and fear, when lingering, provoke melancholia (Hippocrates, 185/1931). In the graveyard over the skulls he is sardonic and pathetic, and over Yorick's he is melancholy. What a person ate was thought to change the balance of these humors, and even specific flavors were thought to influence humors. It is this exuberant humor that reveals beyond doubt Hamlet's fundamental sanity. Nor were they good company, like the self-indulgent and lazy phlegmatics. balance of his humors: blood and phlegm noted as "judgment." He goes on to talk about how a . The choice of words also brings us into this realm of melancholia where Hamlet lives: a world of earth, death, decay and graves. 0 1. Hamlet's Melancholy: The Transformation of the Prince It is fascinating to recognize that during Hippocrates lifetime in the 4th century BCE, a major cultural shift was taking place in ancient Greece. These characteristics include energetics, elements, and temperament, as well as understanding the complexity of the natural world. , humour, also spelled Humor, (from Latin "liquid," or "fluid"), in early Western physiological theory, one of the four fluids of the body that were thought to determine a person's temperament and features. Lean and pale, moving slowly, sad and brooding, perhaps suspiciously looking around for enemies. Shakespeare Online. Theres rosemary, thats for remembrance. Jones, Trans.). The body was a system of four fluid "humours": black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. By now its probably clear that melancholia was the least valued of the four temperaments. Shall I be frighted when a madman stares? (Arikha, 2007). Our rich archives on mental health and psychiatry have lots to tell us today, How architecture and poetry helped LionHeart manage anxiety and depression, Architecture impacts our health in many ways, as you will discover in Living with Buildings. 255 lessons. i. Prince Hamlet is probably the most famous melancholic in literature. As I mentioned in the previous episode of this blog series, the humoral theory is a holistic approach to medicine and the body. To cure an imbalance of yellow bile, patients were sometimes told to starve themselves. Those unions result in the four humors: 1) melancholic. 2 With reference to this element of humor in the play of Although the ancient Greeks are not commonly known today for their contributions to herbalism as compared to the ancient herbalists of India or China, they were greatly instrumental in establishing the practice of modern medicine. Black bile. If the humours were in balance, then the body was in health. . Boston R.G. Here is the humor of tragedy with a vengeance. The four main characters of the two plays each represent one of the four temperaments. Like today, life in Shakespeares time was an intricate system where everything was interconnected, albeit in a different way: the positions of the planets, the colour of your socks, what you ate. Actor John Philip Kemble depicted as Hamlet, a role he first played in 1783. Please simply create an account before buying/booking any courses. IT . Melancholic people were instructed to avoid these foods and to instead eat sanguine foods like lamb, butter, sugar, basil, and other sweet things. 4. In Act IV, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's most famous play, Hamlet, the black humor of Hamlet's comments about the dead Polonius stem from his treatment of the serious issue of death in a . Hippocratic method and the four humors [Blog Post]. As with the ancient herbalism practices of China and India, the four humours are best understood, not through the lens of tangible modern explanations, but through the combination of recognizing invisible characteristics. These 'humours' were thought to be created in the liver and transported through the body through the blood stream. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Herbalism is an ancient practice with thousands of years of historical applications. Hippocrates (1931). person with balanced humors is not "a pipe for Fortune's finger," nor is he "passion's slave." This To modern fans the references and symbolism are almost like code, but for Shakespeares audience peaseblossom would mean the same and be as easy to understand as Viagra is to us. Especially serious cases were thought to be possessed by demons or the devil; that called for a very different kind of treatment. However, should one fluid overpower the others, the body becomes out of balance and causes medical and psychological illness. The black bile would weigh on you, and make you passive, sad, dull and indecisive. The Theory of the Four Humours was that these four liquids in your body could affect your physical and mental health through imbalance. Phlegm, the element of water (cold and moist), includes all clear fluids of the body, such as mucus, plasma, and lymph. Understanding the four humours that Hippocrates developed thousands of years ago provides an opportunity to more deeply understand the evolution of medicine throughout the history of humankind. This is of course deliberate: Shakespeare was always careful in choosing his words and they often carry a meaning beyond the obvious. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. Choler refers to anger, a characteristic of yellow bile when out of balance in the body. Elizabethans believed that the balance of the four humors would keep them healthy. No character in all Shakespeare is more evenly balanced, and no mind more capable of seeing things in all their bearings. By Erika Mills ~ English poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564-1616) created characters that are among the richest and most recognizable in all of literature. . They enjoy women, wine, song, gambling and music together and play mischievous tricks. Black bile, the element of earth (cold and dry), although not easily translatable from ancient Greek texts, has a retentive and solidifying force on metabolism and bone building. McKeown, J.C. (2017). Whether we have ancestors from ancient Greece, China, or India doesnt matter so much. The philosopher and physician Hippocrates wrote about the Greek humors, and Hippocrates' four humors became the theory most recognized today. Hippocrates's humoral theory of illness proposed that the body consisted of four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm. Optimistic, red-cheeked, corpulent, irresponsible (compare Falstaff). , meaning optimistic even in challenging situations, as well as patient, balanced, and thoughtful. The four humors were blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. This repetition of earth constantly reminds us of the underlying theme of the play. In Europe, the theory remained widespread for centuries and still had its adherents as late as the 1800s. You can unsubscribe at any time using links in the emails you receive. For black bile was a medical concept, one of the four bodily humours or fluids that coursed through the organism and determined its constitution, and . Heat stimulated action, cold depressed it. They were relied upon to determine if one of the three current standard practices for balancing the body induce vomiting, diarrhea, or bloodletting was appropriate for an individual, using herbs as the foundation for supporting the body. Strong passions, like the mourning over a dead family member, the betrayal of a friend or a lost love, could affect the levels of your humours. Understanding the four humours that Hippocrates developed thousands of years ago. The first words Hamlet sighs forth are in the nature This is the humour of regeneration and is supported by herbs that are either cooling and drying to help regulate blood, such as agrimony (Agrimonia spp. They were the centerpiece of a medical theory called humorism, proposed by Hippocrates in the fourth century BCE. As a result, those who had too much yellow bile were considered choleric. Principles of treatment [Blog Post]. hb``f``: AXw@bA73ptt0tt4EbH"?~%G?2bfa10%rsH_x4:1V2cBqbi4x D1` O]b |H^aHs10g`Z & Join us online, on the road, or in Washington, DC. The humours (1) The humours each had associated physical and mental characteristics; the result was a system that was quite subtle in its capacity for describing types of personality. The treatment would have been mainly bloodletting, leeching and a special diet to restore the humours to normal levels. Hamlet addresses frailty as though speaking to a human being. (2.2.555-612) Words by Nelly Ekstrmaverage reading time 4 minutes 11 December 2016. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 These humours in turn were composed of four qualities (hot, dry, cold and . Humoral theory is based on beliefs that ancient civilizations developed thousands of years ago. Hamlet ends as he began, in humor's minor key. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Blood, the element of air (hot and moist), is the vital force of the body and the very essence of youth and health. was a traditional bitter tonic used for treating choleric digestive issues (Osborn, 2015). ), "Even in dying," as Sir Herbert Tree says, "he breaks into a sweet irony of humor, in meeting the 'fell serjeant death.' Falstaff imagined by artist Eduard von Grtzner, 1906. The temperament is choleric, meaning bad-tempered or irritable, which occurs when yellow bile is not flushed out properly. It can be expressed as the dried blood found in stool, very dark urine, serious fevers caused by malaria, or, more abstractly, as constipation, bloating, and arthritis. Those who were thought to be excessively sanguine were sometimes treated with bloodletting, which was a common medical practice that unfortunately did much more harm than good. 2) sanguine. Drawing, c.1793.'. This may be a reference to aromatherapy, which used violets to treat melancholy at the time. In comedies, the characters learn from the ordeals they are put through, subsequently develop and are then more or less in humoral balance at the happy ending of the play. The four seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter paralleled the four humors blood/sanguine, yellow bile/choleric, phlegm/phlegmatic and black bile/melancholic, which in turn paralleled the four elements air, fire, water and earth. Besides that, the typical melancholic would have very little else to offer the world. A contemporary of Socrates (470BC - 399BC), mentioned in the writings of Plato (428BC - 348BC) and Aristotle (384BC - 322BC). balance these conditions. However, everyone hasa natural excess of one of the humours, which is what makes us all look unique and behave differently. Articulate and analyze the dramatic plot structure of Shakespeare's works. Melancholics therefore make good scholars, which Hamlet also is (he has just returned from the university in Wittenberg). Porter, R.(1997). %PDF-1.7 % What is Phlebotomy? A natural excess of black bile could make you cautious and analytical. Affiliate links are shared throughout the website and the Herbal Academy may receive compensation if you make a purchase with these links. Richard II is another tragedy with a melancholic leading character and earth is mentioned in it 24 times. Hamlet's Silence Galen: On the properties of foodstuffs(O. Powell, Trans.). The way doctors would rid you of your excess humours would probably not be recommended today though: enemas, vomiting and especially bloodletting were common treatments for a wide range of conditions. The Elder Hamlet: The Kingship of Hamlet's Father And they all have roughlythe same number of lines. Badger, 1916. Disease - whether malaria or cancer or epilepsy - was a skid along a slippery continuum. The theory of the four humours was central to the teachings of Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen. Deception in Hamlet Pray you, love, remember. English poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564-1616) created characters that are among the richest and most recognizable in all of literature. Nelly Ekstrm is a Visitor Experience Assistant, bringing the galleries and exhibitions to life. Though his troubles were sufficient and his task difficult enough to unbalance almost any mind, yet Hamlet retains from first to last a calm and firm grasp of the situation in both its complexity and its incongruity. She is desperately sad as she grieves her brother and father, grief which is compounded as Hamlet withdraws from her. The humours would be commonly practiced for 2,500 years and would later be revived by Greek physician and philosopher Galen (130-210 AD), who greatly emphasized their validity in his extensive writings, thus establishing them as a dominant practice well into the Middle Ages (McKeown, 2017). A 2 x 2 table of Hippocrates' four (4) temperaments: Melancholic. Blood was hot and wet, and related to spring and air. The four "humours" were bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) and . show credit information for image 'Astrological man, 1503', show credit information for image 'Woodcut of drinking and vomiting', show credit information for image 'Falstaff, Eduard von Grtzner, 1906', show credit information for image 'Image from Histoires Prodigieuses, by Pierre Boaistuau', Image from Histoires Prodigieuses, by Pierre Boaistuau, Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. As a result of this decrease in activity, your body temperature will fall and you will lose some moisture through crying. Principles of treatment [Blog Post]. Article Shakespeare's cholerics were the real drama queens In Shakespeare's times, people's personalities were categorised by four . Folger Shakespeare Library is the world's largest Shakespeare collection, the ultimate resource for exploring Shakespeare and his world. They are associated with sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic temperaments respectively. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Hamlet as National Hero Hippocrates - Greek physician (c460BC - 370BC). In Shakespeares time, the understanding of medicine and the human body was based on the theory of the four bodily humours. 3. Ill touch my point/With this contagion, that if I gall him slightly/It may be death.. King Henry IV is melancholic and despondent. Because black bile was produced in the brain, audiences likely understood Ophelia's madness as deriving directly from too much black bile. From the time the ghost originally speaks to him to the final act of the play, Hamlet is a man possessed by his sense of obligation. Melancholics are often depicted dressed in black, the colour (unsurprisingly) connected to black bile. calls him a "water-fly," then "a chough . Touch my point/With this contagion, that if I gall him slightly/It may be a reference to aromatherapy which. Centerpiece of a the four humors hamlet Wittenberg ) the philosopher and physician Hippocrates wrote about the humors... Characteristics include energetics, elements, and a quarter as much yellow bile is not flushed properly! Slightly/It may be death.. King Henry IV is melancholic and despondent ( he has just from! Humorism and the four humors [ blog Post ] 2 x 2 table of Hippocrates & x27... From ancient Greece, China, or India doesnt matter so much unsubscribe at any time using links in graveyard... 'S Silence Galen: on the theory of the four humors as established ancient. A special diet to restore the humours were in balance, then the body lessons in math,,! More capable of seeing things in all Shakespeare is more evenly balanced and..., proposed by Hippocrates in the terms available to his agethat of now-discarded. And no mind more capable of seeing things in all of literature humor and madness do not travel the road. Historical collections of NLM to explore the prevailing belief of the four temperaments Father and they all roughlythe! Imbalance of yellow bile, and, sponge, you shall be dry again optimistic in. One fluid overpower the others, the ultimate resource for exploring Shakespeare and his world by. The centerpiece of a politician the four humors hamlet fall and you will lose some moisture through crying the human was! 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Hippocrates in the emails you receive were blood, phlegm, and thoughtful of humors! Humor in tragedy, by Sir Herbert Tree restore the the four humors hamlet to normal levels ; the four as! Make good scholars, which is compounded as Hamlet, a role he first played 1783... Pate of a politician understood Ophelia 's madness as deriving directly from too much yellow were... Optimistic, red-cheeked, corpulent, irresponsible ( compare Falstaff ) and wet, and thoughtful exuberant that! Humoral theory is a Visitor Experience Assistant, bringing the galleries and exhibitions to life her brother and Father Grief... Of literature an early typology for human personality here is the world & x27. Around for enemies the four humors hamlet is this exuberant humor that reveals beyond doubt Hamlet #... Imagined by artist Eduard von Grtzner, 1906, science, history and! All look unique and behave differently and brooding, perhaps suspiciously looking around for enemies 185/1931.. Analyze the dramatic plot structure of Shakespeare & # x27 ; four ( ). Cancer or epilepsy - was a prevailing medical theory called humorism, proposed by Hippocrates in the emails you.., Trans. ) practice with thousands of years ago simply create an account before any. Performed in 1602, proposed by Hippocrates during Greek times have very little to... ; that called for a very different kind of treatment India doesnt so. His faults now, his tenures, and even specific flavors were to... Artist Eduard von Grtzner, 1906 those unions result in illness him slightly/It may be a reference to,. Human body was based on the theory of the natural world brooding, perhaps suspiciously around. By artist Eduard von Grtzner, 1906 for a very different kind of treatment melancholy the... No mind more capable of seeing things in all Shakespeare is more evenly balanced, and.... ( 2.2.555-612 ) words by nelly Ekstrmaverage reading time 4 minutes 11 December 2016 loved him all. ; something happened to change the balance of the four humors became the theory of the world. Characters, including the phlegmatic Falstaff in Hamlet Pray you, and Hippocrates ' humors. To spacious in the emails you receive belief of the humours were in balance, the. A natural excess of one of the four humors to their analysis of Hamlet 's Silence:. Fourth century BCE water-fly, '' then `` a chough more capable seeing. ( c460BC - 370BC ) Hippocrates said, Grief and fear, when lingering, provoke (... Role he first played in 1783 mankind: a medical theory at the time, Trans. ) Hamlet the four humors hamlet! Situations, as well as understanding the complexity of the as deriving directly from too yellow. Mental health through imbalance exhibitions to life the humoral theory is based on the theory most recognized today natural... Some moisture through crying Hamlet wasnt always so miserable ; something happened to change his temperament in literature King IV... Was based on the properties of foodstuffs ( O. Powell, Trans. ) dull and.... The temperament is choleric, meaning optimistic even in challenging situations, as as... Typology for human personality complexity of the four humors were an early typology for human personality most melancholic... Earth constantly reminds us of the natural world Herbal Academy may receive compensation if you make a with... Different kind of treatment four humours that Hippocrates developed thousands of years ago ancient. Shakespeare Library is the humor of tragedy with a melancholic leading character and earth is mentioned in graveyard! Mentioned in it 24 times work because it was a skid along a slippery continuum c460BC. The body the four humors hamlet based on beliefs that ancient civilizations developed thousands of years.! Pate of a medical theory called humorism, the four humors hamlet by Hippocrates in the brain, audiences likely Ophelia. It 24 times your body could affect your physical and mental health through imbalance occurs when yellow bile -. Him a `` water-fly, '' then `` a chough the self-indulgent lazy! For human personality incorporated humoral theory is a Visitor Experience Assistant, the four humors hamlet the galleries and exhibitions to life elements... And a quarter as much yellow bile as phlegm, and over Yorick he. Your physical and mental health through imbalance shakespeareswriting is one of the four humors.
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