Shortly before his retirement, Spruance received the following Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. The Japanese lost 19 ships sunk, seven probably sunk and more than 200 aircraft destroyed, and their installations were bombed and strafed. A bust of Spruance is in the lobby. Flagship of Task Force 16 under the command of Raymond Spruance. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. After air assaults, two rocky islands, Kiska and Attu, were occupied by Japanese ground forces. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Word of the sacrifice of VT-8 stunned the United States, and Churchill was reported to have wept when he heard about it. Spruance's achievements were acknowledged by the unique distinction of a special act of Congress awarding him Admiral's full pay for life. He commanded U.S. naval forces during one of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . The Eastern Orthodox Church developed from the church in Constantinople. The following year, they made me executive officer of the transport Agamemnon, bringing troops home from France. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. 31, 2021, thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. Summing up his appraisal of this outstanding sailor, Morison noted: Spruance in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, overriding Mitscher the carrier expert in letting the enemy planes come at him instead of going in search of them, won the second most decisive battle of the Pacific war. Launched the planes that were responsible for the sinking of nearly all 4 Japanese Carriers at Midway. Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. History is a guide to navigation in perilous times. However a second strike from Hiry would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop up phase of the battle. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz called him a fine man, a sterling character, and a great leader, and said, nothing you can say about him would be praise enough. He was modest and candid about himself. Biblical essay :)God made great use of Paul's education in Tarsus and his training as a Pharisee under Gamaliel. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. The Japanese lost 322 airplanes, most of them going down with the carriers. The Battle of Midway was fought June 4-7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945) and was the turning point of the war in the Pacific. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. Flagship of Kakuta. Naval Academy in 1906,[5] and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. To the Aleutians, the Japanese dispatched an invasion task force of three transports carrying 2,400 troops, supported by two heavy cruisers, a two-carrier support force and a covering group of four battleships. Advertisement Still have questions? An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. In 1939 he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. My mind is blank. Morisons text refers to Spruance, victor at Midway. After his funeral, he was buried at Golden Gate National Cemetery near the grave of his wartime commander, Nimitz. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. The Navy, by law, was limited to four Fleet Admirals; three of these appointments were obvious: Ernest King, Chester Nimitz and William Leahy. Japanese Admiral and a pioneer in aircraft carrier warfare. Fletcher quickly ordered his dive bombers to strike, which fatally damaged the fourth Japanese carrier; it was scuttled the next day. Spruance was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for his service at Midway. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. For that assault, Spruance led the most powerful naval strike force in history. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. On June 19, however, hundreds of planes from nine Japanese aircraft carriers attacked the Fifth Fleet. His next assignment was command of the destroyer Aaron Ward, and then USS Perceval. [12] Spruance assumed command of Task Force 16 with its two carriers, USSEnterprise and USSHornet, under battle command of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher. He wrote the day after the attack and the same day he attended funeral services for the 54 Sailors and Marines killed in the attack. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. Most of Nagumo's attack planes had just returned from the first strike on Midway and were immobilized on the carrier hangers, while his combat air patrol cover planes were engaged with battling torpedo bombers from Hornet. Morison said: Keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening, Raymond A. Spruance emerged from this battle one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history.He was bold and aggressive when the occasion demanded offensive tactics; cautious when pushing his luck too far might have lost the fruits of victory. These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. Spruance was portrayed by Glenn Ford (a US Naval Reserve officer himself) in the 1976 film Midway, and by Jake Weber in the 2019 film Midway. Fit into his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse; he loved to show them to visitors. Admiral Halsey was given command of the Third Fleet, and later that year Task Force 58 was transferred to Halseys fleet. On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. When Midway began on June 4, 1942 the first few waves of U.S. aircraft were greatly outnumbered by Japanese forces. >On March 29, 1944, Admiral Spruance took tactical command of a three-pronged assault against the Palau Islands, 550 miles east of the Philippines, and against Yap Island and Ulithi Atoll in the western Carolines. Japanese aircraft carrier squadron under the command of Chuichi Nagumo in command of aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu. Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. How can these and the knowledge they provide be used to spread His Word? The American toll was 1,100 dead and almost 2,300 wounded. In this state the Japanese carriers would be extremely vulnerable. The Saipan campaign began with air attacks on June 10, 1944. Aboard the battleship Yamato, Admiral Yamamoto received word that the U.S. fleet was at Midwaynot Pearl Harbor as he had thought. Akagi was lashed by bombs, which exploded torpedoes that were being loaded onto her planes, and the crew abandoned ship. It was June 4, Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and Admira Fletcher had to engage four Japanese ships in the Battle of Midway. Spruance's rise to fame . Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. In July 1941, his responsibilities were expanded to include oversight of the Caribbean Sea Frontier. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. [7], He commanded the Percival during the sea trials off the California coast and during the patrol cruises with the Destroyer Force, Pacific Fleet until May 1922, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C., for duty in the Bureau of Engineering under Rear Admiral John K. Robison. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! With the end of the war, Spruance aided in returning American troops home before moving through a succession of engineering postings and destroyer commands. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. Known as "island hopping," U.S. forces moved from island to island, using each as a base for capturing the next. Meanwhile, the Japanese attack on the Aleutian Islands had been carried out as planned on June 3. The attack fails to destroy any airfields or major targets. Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. The Japanese expected no American ships in the Midway area until after the landing there, and they hoped that the Pacific Fleet would dash northward as soon as it received word of the opening strikes in the Aleutians. These attacks were followed by a raid against Marcus Island. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. For most of the war, Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship. Spruances naval guns started their bombardment two days later. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. The Navy honored Spruance by giving his name to a new class of 30 destroyers, the first of which, USS Spruance, was launched in 1973. The Americans were able to count on Yorktown, however, after patching her up in an astonishing two days instead of 90 days as had been estimated. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary . I was shanghaied ashore in November of the next year to take over as electrical superintendent at the New York Navy Yard, said Spruance. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. It was his job to protect the landing force.[8]. United States Admiral in command of naval units on the Pacific Theatre in 1942. https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511 (accessed March 1, 2023). . >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. Above all, Midway was the turning point that heralded the ultimate defeat of Japan. B. Jim Crow Laws Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Before the Battle of the Coral Sea on 7-8 May 1942, the Imperial Navy of Japan had swept aside all of its enemies from the Pacific and Indian oceans. Spruance had earned a restful retirement at his home in Pebble Beach, Calif., 125 miles south of San Francisco, with his wife, son and daughter. [17], The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. [30] He is shown to be at loggerheads with his staff on numerous occasions and corrected by them once. Enterprise dive bombers critically damaged two Japanese carriers including Nagumo's flagship Akagi; while the Yorktown air group, launched after Fletcher was confident that all Japanese carriers were accounted for, crippled the Soryu. ThoughtCo, Jul. He was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. The gallant carrier was crippled but nearly succeeded in reaching safety before torpedoes from Japanese submarine I-68 finally sank her three days later. Adding to the surprise factor was the fact that Admirals Yamamoto and Nagumo did not believe the U.S. Pacific Fleet was at sea. They follow returning American pilots and damage the Yorktown, but receiving more than 50% casualties. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . The defeat effectively destroyed the Japanese Navy's air arm. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. [31] The series, based on Herman Wouk's book of the same name, shows Spruance's decision to end the battle and retreat rather than confront the rest of the Japanese fleet as having been opposed by his subordinates, and he was mocked behind his back as "lacking the stomach." Retribution was not long in coming. He graduated from Shortridge High School and went on to the U.S. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. It is still the largest warship built to date and survived the battle undamaged as it never came near the battlefield despite Yamamoto's protests. He never smoked and drank little. While screening the American invasion of Saipan in June 1944, Spruance defeated the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. A squadron of US Dive bombers which had arrived late after getting lost ambush the Japanese carriers bombing and resulting in the sinking of three out of four carriers. It was interesting work, but I wouldnt want to do it for a living. Naval Academy at Annapolis. The Marine fighters and anti-aircraft fire shot down or badly damaged about a third of the enemy attack group. On 6 December 1941 Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japanese bombers and America was swept into World War Two. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in the corresponding Aleutian Islands Invasion. Japanese fleet in charge of landing army units on Midway. Recently promoted to rear admiral, Spruance was assigned to command a division of cruisers in the Pacific under Admiral Nimitz in 1941. In the fighting, the Japanese lost three carriers and around 600 aircraft. Analyzing Information How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory After further schooling at the Stevens Preparatory School in New Jersey, Spruance applied to and was accepted by the US Naval Academy in 1903. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Hiss Spruance. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. When she went to sea in 1916, he went with her. During the Midway engagement which resulted in the defeat of and heavy losses to the enemy fleet, his seamanship, endurance, and tenacity in handling his task force were of the highest quality. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. Raymond Ames Spruance as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee - 1945 No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. Furthermore, Spruance ordered that the air squadrons fly directly to their targets before assembling every squadron into a proper formation, gambling that the attacks would leave the enemy carriers in disarray and delay the launching of their own counterstrike. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. A. Desegregation of Society In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruance's cruisers served under Vice Admiral William "Bull" Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. Fifteen Buffaloes and two Wildcats were lost, but the garrisons anti-aircraft fire was effective. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. Morison, "Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942 August 1942". Raymond A. Spruance. His torpedo bombershaving switched to bombs for the attack on Midwaywere away, and most of his protective fighters were out on patrol. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, How does Admiral Spruance explain the U.S. victory, The Brown case began what trend in American Terms of Use| United States airbase targeted by the Japanese in preparation to invade Hawaii. The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. Mitschers force pursued the Japanese fleet and engaged it the following day in the Philippine Sea, sinking the light carrier Hiyo and two oilers (in addition to which submarines Albacore and Cavalla had sunk Taiho and Shokaku the previous day). Lieutenant in command of the USS Yorktown air group. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated General of the Army and Fleet Admiral. He was in this post on June 4, 1942, when the Japanese navy attacked Midway Island in force. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz,, Commander in Chief, Pacific, (right) and, Admiral Raymond Spruance, Commander, Central Pacific Force, (center) Tour Kwajalein Island, Marshalls, February 5,1944, following its capture. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. After another three-year tour at the Naval War College, Spruance was again ordered to sea aboard Mississippi. Yorktowns planes hit Soryu as she was turning into the wind to launch aircraft. Yorktown and Task Force 17 were under the command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher. He was the united states navy fleet admiral in the some of the The battle of Midway was one of the most decisive battle in th Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, Japanese fleet commander, chose to i With Okinawa's fall in June, Spruance rotated back to Pearl Harbor to begin planning the invasion of Japan. On April 22, Task Force 58s guns and planes supported the U.S. invasion of Hollandia in Dutch New Guinea and Aitape in Australian New Guinea. Finishing the course, he completed a tour in the Office of Naval Intelligence before being posted to USS Mississippi (BB-41) in October 1929 as executive officer. About his intellect he was equally unpretentious: "Some people believe that when I am quiet that I am thinking some deep and important thoughts, when the fact is that I am thinking of nothing at all. Spruance's first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USSIowa, an 11,400 ton veteran of the SpanishAmerican War. The Japanese had been overconfident, and the Americans taught them a bitter lesson. In the course of a two-hour interview, he stood or walked about all the timenot restlessly, but slowly and deliberately. Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. On April 28, the last day of the invasion, Spruances command was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. The two admirals presented a contrast in styles as Spruance tended to be quiet and meticulous while Halsey was brash and more impetuous. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. Spruance commanded US naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific theater, the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. As part of this reorganization, the force became known as the Fifth Fleet when Spruance was in charge and the Third Fleet when Halsey was in command. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. [6], Following his return to the United States, Spruance served aboard transport ship USS Agamemnon, before he was ordered to Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine, for duty in connection with fitting out of destroyer USS Aaron Ward in March 1919. When Nimitz named him commander of the disputed Central Pacific Area, this made him responsible for the planning and execution of the attack on the Gilbert Islands in November 1943. During the joint operations leading to the assault and capture of the important enemy bases, complete integration of Army and Navy units was accomplished under his outstanding leadership, enabling all the forces to perform their closely co-ordinated missions with outstanding success.[24]. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. Admiral Ernest J. The Japanese carriers were beginning to launch fighters as Torpedo 8 roared down to attack, without fighter cover. He presided over US Forces in the Pacific during two decisive Allied victories: the Battle of Midway in 1942 and the 1944 Battle of the Philippines Sea. Although some historians and many newsmen have written many words about Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy and his brilliant career in the Pacific in World War II, the complete story of this reserved and self-effacing man . Lieutenant Commander Maxwell Leslies VB-3 from Yorktown attacked the carrier Soryu. [4] Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School. I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. The U.S. Navy's decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island dashed Japan's hopes of neutralizing the United. I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. The sole survivor of the squadrons 30 officers and men was Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., who spent several hours floating in the water, watching the battle. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. He was survived by his wife and a daughter, Mrs. Gerald S. Bogart of Newport, R.I. His only son, Navy Captain Edward D. Spruance, who served for 30 years, was killed in a car accident in Marin County, Calif., in May 1969. Spruance became Commander of the 5th Fleet in November 1943, which presented him with command of the Central Pacific Forces. Thus the Americans knew the Japanese planned to move toward Midway. This article was written by Michael D. Hull and originally appeared in the May 1998 issue of World War II magazine. Lieutenant aboard the Hiryu who led and was killed during the first Japanese counterattack after the sinking of 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. In June 1931, Spruance returned to Newport, RI to serve on the staff of the Naval War College. Lt Tomanaga leads Japanese Torpedo Bombers to attack the remaining carriers. B. Yet the decision is hailed by the series's narrator as instrumental in sealing the American victory. Some people asked why he did not take take advantage of the chaotic scene to attack all of Japans air carriers. United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. That same month, he directed Operation Hailstone which saw American carrier aircraft repeatedly strike the Japanese base at Truk. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. Scene to attack the remaining carriers a position offshore, the new Admiral was ordered to the U.S the abandoned! 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