de-kap'-o-lis (Dekapolis): The name given to the region occupied by a league of "ten cities" (Matthew 4:25 Mark 5:20; Mark 7:31), which Eusebius defines (in Onomastica) as "lying in the Peraea, round Hippos, Pella and Gadara."Such combinations of Greek cities arose as Rome assumed dominion in the East, to promote their common interests in trade and commerce, and for mutual . This tell is crowned by an ancient Canaanite settlement. Jesus'-Ministry, Within the apse is a bench subdivided into semicircular, plastered seats. At eT-Tabgha in the North, at `Ain el Fuliyeh, South of el-Mejdel, and on the shore, about 2 miles South of modern Tiberias, there are strong hot springs. They were both Gentile cities filled with citizens who were culturally more Greek than Semitic; this would account for the pigs in the biblical account. Demonology, The sultan of Damascus is said to have fortified it; but there is nothing to show that the Moslems occupied it for any length of time.3. Capernaum is a Peru city located at the longitude of -77.488175 and latitude of -4.446235 . Here the slopes descend swiftly almost into the sea, and animals, once started on the downward run, could not avoid plunging into the depths. This is a difficulty for Marks account the pigs would have had to trot many miles from the country of the Gerasenes before they even reached the hillside that overlooks the lake, never mind actually get to the lake itself. The soil on the level parts around the sea is exceedingly fertile. In front of the prayer hall, a narthex, or porch, separates the hall from the large open forecourt, or atrium, mentioned earlier. Such storms are fairly frequent, and as they are attended with danger to small craft, the boatmen are constantly on the alert. The NT references ( Mark 5:1; Luke 8:26; cf. The Syrians made reprisals, and took many prisoners. 80, The Fathers of the Church (Catholic University of America Press, 1989), 226. (Ant., XIV, iv, 4; BJ, I, vii, 7); from which it would appear to have declined in Jewish hands. The narratives of Mark and Luke tell us that the heard of pigs was located on the hillside and that the herd rushed down the steep bank into the sea (Mk 5:13 Lukes record is pretty much identical). Ewing. The emperor would not listen to the accusations of the inhabitants against Herod for oppressive conduct (Ant., XV, x, 2). The names of many ancient places have been lost, and others have strayed from their original localities. Jerash, ancient Gerasa The place might therefore be called with propriety, either "land of the Gerasenes," with reference to the local center, or "land of the Gadarenes," with reference to the superior city. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Login & Purchase. Matthew, using Mark as a source for his own gospel, appears to have been aware of this geographic difficulty. The name is derived from either a lakeside village, Gergesa, the next larger city, Gadara, or the best-known city in the region, Gerasa. 13:1-53. Only about 60 percent have survived, but this is enough to attest that the mosaics in the church at Kursi exemplified mosaic art in its finest tradition. 2023 Biblical Historical Context. Robert L. Webb and Mark Allan Powell, vol. Near by is the site at `Ain et-Tabigha, which many have identified with Bethsaida of Galilee. (iii) Mark says that the boat started to go unto the other side to Bethsaida, while John, gives the direction "over the sea unto Capernaum" (Mark 6:17). Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a1615141b8e2bf0 ge-nes'-a-ret he ge Gennesaret):1. But one things for sure: wherever the event happened it was a waste of good bacon. (St. Matt. One of the most significant sites on the eastern shore is the place where the so-called swine miracle is thought to have occurred. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Save in very settled conditions they will not venture far from the shore. The arguments for and against this view may be summarized as follows:(a) Galilee ran right round the lake, including most of the level coastland on the East. Here he feeds the 5,000 (Mt 14:14; Mk 6:33; Lk 9:11; Jn 6:5) [6] The disciples return across the Sea of Galilee (Mt 14:22; Mk 6:45), Jesus walking on the water to join them (Mt 14:25; Mk 6:48; Jn 6:19). A steamer plies on the sea between the station at Semakh and Tiberias. 4:1-34. Lets be clear: I know zero greek. Mark 6:53 When they had crossed over, they came to land at Gennesaret, and moored to the shore. The city of Gadara is represented today by the ruins of Umm Qeis on the heights south of el-Chummeh-the hot springs in the Yarmuk valley-about 6 miles Southeast of the Sea of Galilee. One of the great Roman roads ran eastward to Der`ah; and an aqueduct has been traced to the pool of el Khab, about 20 miles to the North of Der`ah. As a result of excavations by the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums, however, it is becoming quite clear that the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee also played an important role in early Christian pilgrimages. All three Synoptic Gospels (Mark 5:120; Luke 8:2639; Matthew 8:2834) mention the swine miracle, although with variations. Sohow did this problem arise? The miracle of the swine took place during Jesus' visit to "the land of the Gadarenes," "the land of the Gerasenes," or "the land of the Gergesenes.". The ruins include those of two theaters, a basilica, a temple, and many important buildings, telling of a once great and splendid city. This has therefore always been a favorite haunt of fishermen. The air cleared, and the wide welter of foam-crested waves attested the fury of the blast. 3. About halfway up the hill is the towerlike structure mentioned earlier. Naturally the temperature in the valley is higher than that of the uplands; and here wheat and barley are harvested about a month earlier. proof that its territory reached the sea. If we accept Marcan Priority (which we do around here) then weve got Mark writing country of the Gerasenes, Luke following him faithfully, but Matthew deliberately changing Gerasenes to Gadarenes in his version of events. unique traits of plants, animals and humans. Jesus agrees, so the demons or unclean spirits leave the man and enter the swine, which then rushed down the steep bank into the lake and were drowned., The cured demoniac begs to accompany Jesus, but Jesus tells him to go home instead and declare how much God has done for you. The cured demoniac then declares to all how much Jesus had done for him. According to Mark, he proclaims it even in the cities of the Decapolisand all the men marveled.. Reland (Pal, II, 806) notes certain extant coins of Gerasa, from which it is clear that in the 2nd century it was a center of the worship of Artemis. It was conquered by the Moslems in the time of Omar (Guy le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems, 462). In the rooms north of the prayer hall, we found an oil-press, including the crushing, pressing and collecting components. This is true even today. The water from `Ain et-Tabgha was brought round the promontory at `Ain et-Tineh by a conduit cut in the rock. Gerasa, Gadara, Gergesa from where did the pigs stampede? v.71). Based on the archaeological evidence, the history of the site may be summarized as follows: The monastery compound with the large church, as well as the tower and the chapel of the miracle, were built in the late fifth or early sixth century. They include several splendid temples, theaters, basilica, palaces and baths, with hippodrome and naumachia. This would exclude Gadara on the Hieromax. , William Arndt et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 612. Josephus names it as marking the eastern limit of Peraea (BJ, III, iii, 3). 6.211. The monastery compound lies at the foot of a hill, on a plain by the Sea of Galilee. Gerasa, one of the cities of Decapolis and the capital of the country of the Gerasenes, lay around 37 miles/60 kilometres away from the Sea of Galilee in what is today the city of Jerash in Jordan.3The country of the Gerasenes did not reach the Sea of Galilee (an important point that we'll get to in a bit). On the basis of the textual evidence alone, we cannot determine which of these variants is . As in the case of the other Bethsaida, no name has been recovered to guide us to the site. Capernaum (in the original Hebrew. From the beginning of our work, it was clear that we were excavating the remains of a large, walled settlement of a religious character, undoubtedly a monastery that included a well-built basilica of exceptional quality. Modern methods of agriculture are being employed in the Jewish colonies, which are rapidly increasing in number. These differences caused copyists of the gospels to perform no end of monkey-business with the sentence there are 3 variants for each of the synoptic gospels.2 Were looking at a genuine problem that was recognised very early. Like, not even the alphabet. To one descending from Mt. It was the seat of one of the councils instituted by Gabinius for the government of the Jews (Ant., XIV, v, 4; BJ, I, viii, 5). App., 11).)2. There are some ruins now on this spot still known by the very slight corruption of Kerzha. Judas of Gamala (Ant., XVIII, i, l) is also called Judas of Galilee (ibid., i, 6). The at some distance is a bit fluffy in the english it could mean anywhere from not far to miles away. The church itself is, of course, the most impressive structure in the monastery compound. Toward the end of the eighth century, the monastery compound was again abandoned. Unfortunately, the most severe damage to the mosaics occurred in the nave. Every effort has been made to accurately determine the rights status of works and their images. Some of the auxiliary rooms of the church and its chapels were closed off completely; others were converted to domestic or industrial use. The Moslem conquest followed shortly thereafter in the seventh century. On the shore, fully 2 miles from the Jordan, are the ruins of Tell Chum. Ancient scribes probably heard or saw one name in the process of copying a manuscript and thought they heard another. John R. McRay, Archaeology and the New Testament, Dictionary of New Testament Background: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000), 97. Why would he do that? We have now conducted five seasons of excavations at the site, during 19701973 and in 1980. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. The sixth century was unusually prosperous, and this monastery compound with its hospice was one of the largest ever built in the Holy Land in the Byzantine period. The place is not mentioned till later times. But (i) this involved a passage from a point on the West to a point on the South shore, "crossing over" two considerable bays; whereas if the boat started from any point in el-BaTeichah, to which we seem to be limited by the "much grass," and by the definition of the district as belonging to Bethsaida, to sail to et-Tell, it was a matter of coasting not more than a couple of miles, with no bay to cross. As this is too far from the sea for a fishing village, Schumacher (The Jaulan, 246) suggests that el-`Araj, "a large, completely destroyed site close to the lake," connected in ancient times with et-Tell "by the beautiful roads still visible," may have been the fishing village, and et-Tell the princely residence. A person seated on this bench beholds, through the chapels small prayer hall, an excellent view of the enclosed rock on the terrace below, and, from there, of the monastery at the bottom of the hill and the Sea of Galilee beyond. :Many scholars maintain that all the New Testament references to Bethsaida apply to one place, namely, Bethsaida Julias. Helmut Koester, Hermeneiaa Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible (Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg, 2001), 23. They are closed by carved stone doors, and are used as storehouses for grain, and also as dwellings by the inhabitants. In their season the wild flowers lavish a wealth of lovely colors upon the surrounding slopes; while bright-blossoming oleanders fringe the shore.Coming westward from the point where the Jordan enters the lake, the mountains approach within a short distance of the sea. The house of Andrew and Peter seems to have been not far from the synagogue in Capernaum (Matthew 8:14 Mark 1:29, etc.). Your IP: 8:4-18 Sea of Galilee. Distance between Ramat Gan and Capernaum (114,37 km.) Both Gerasa and Gadara were cities to the east of the Sea of Galilee and the River Jordan. Slowly, perhaps, but surely, the old order is giving place to the new. The rooms on each side of the prayer hall were used for auxiliary purposes. Brill, 19942000), 204. Nearly opposite Tiberias is the stronghold of Chal`-at el Chocn, possibly the ancient Hippos, with the village of Fik, the ancient Aphek, on the height to the East. , Glenn F. Chesnut, Eusebius of Caesarea (Person), ed. It was located on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, whereas Gerasa and Gadara were several kilometers south-east of it. From this date the era of the city was reckoned. There is a cliff lying beside this lake from which they point out the swine were cast down by the demons.15. ), and "the lake" (Luke 5:1, etc.). The distance is about 19 miles from the river. See CAPERNAUM. Geographically its certainly a better fit than Gerasa or Gadara. Tabor and approaching the edge of the great hollow, on a bright spring day, when the land has already assumed its fairest garments, the view of the sea, as it breaks upon the vision in almost its whole extent, is one never to be forgotten. ifsi virtual learning. , Johannes P. Louw and Eugene Albert Nida, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains (New York: United Bible Societies, 1996), 716. The abundance of fish at each place furnished a good reason for the recurrence of the name.W. Some of these sites, such as Capernaum, have a continuous and uninterrupted place in the history of Christian pilgrimage, beginning as far back as the first centuries of our era. Possibly, however, the name may represent the Hebrew ganne sarim, "princely gardens." From Mount Tabor to Capernaum: Step 27: From Caperaum to Nain: Step 28: From Nain to the second Galilean preaching tour: Step 29: From the second Galilean preaching tour to the country of Gerasenes: Step 30: From he country of Gerasenes to Capernaum: Step 31: From Capernaum to Jerusalem: Step 32: From Jerusalem to Nazareth: Step 33 It continued to be a great and important city, and was long the seat of a bishop (Reland, Palestine, 776). These motifs were taken from artists notebooks that were used throughout the Mediterranean world, not only during the Byzantine period, but also before and after. Kursi disappeared entirely until a bulldozer rediscovered it more than a thousand years later. (ii) The Bethsaida of medieval writers was evidently on the West of the Jordan. A few birds escaped the iconoclasts blows, however, because they lay under fallen columns or under entranceways that had been blocked, and therefore had avoided notice. Gerasa itself is probably represented by the ruins of Kurseh on the South side of Wady Semak, just where it opens on the seashore. See FISHING. du Talmud, 45).Centuries of neglect made a sad change in the plain. ton Gergesenon, "of the Gergesenes," must be rejected (Westcott-Hort, II. , Joel Marcus, Mark 18: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, vol. Thus Gamala, on the eastern shore, was within the jurisdiction of Josephus, who commanded in Galilee (BJ, II, xx, 4). According to Luke 3:23, Jesus was about thirty years old (quite old in those days) when he began his ministry. See GENNESARET, LAND OF. Mk 1:35-45 During the winter of 27/28AD, Jesus goes to the nearby villages of Galilee, preaching and casting out demons. At the end of the nave is a semicircular apse. Decaplis, These demon-possessed pigs then run headlong into the lake and, presumably, drown. Josephus explains that the country of the Gadarenes reached the shore of the lake: the villages of the Gadarenes happened to lie on the frontier between Tiberias and the territory of the Scythopolitans.4. This courtyard provided an impressive space to meet, talk and restperhaps on the low benches whose remains we found on the western side. When they arrive on the shore he gets out and is met by two demoniacs/a guy called Legion. Heres where Matthew locates the pigs: Mt 8:30 Now a large herd of swine was feeding at some distance from them. (d) In support of the single-city theory it is further argued that(i) Jesus withdrew to Bethsaida as being in the jurisdiction of Philip, when he heard of the murder of John by Antipas, and would not have sought again the territories of the latter so soon after leaving them. The production of oil served as a popular source of income for monastic communities and settlements at Christian holy places. He could have followed Mark, but he chose to do something else.9 It seems reasonable to this layman to suggest that maybe Matthew relocated the herd because he knew enough of the geography to say that if this event took place in the country of the Gadarenes the herd couldnt be both on a hillside and close to the shore Gadara was around 5 or 6 miles away from the shore, and the hills that lead from Gadara to the lake are very close to Gadara and a number of miles from the lake. (ii) Medieval works of travel notice only one Bethsaida. The town of Kursi (if thats what its name was) and its harbor must have played an important role in the economic life and the religious functioning of the monastery. , Flavius Josephus and Steve Mason, Flavius Josephus: Life of Josephus (Boston; Leiden: Brill, 2003), 47. The site became apparently known since at least the Early Muslim period as Kursya,[2] the Aramaic word for "chair", and later as Kursi, a word with the same meaning in Arabic,[3] The monks built a walled monastic complex there and made it a destination for Christian pilgrims. Some would identify the place with RAMOTH-GILEAD, which see.The site is now occupied by a colony of Circassians, and there is reason to fear that, unless something is done to preserve them, many valuable remains of antiquity will perish.W. A few palms are still to be seen. gad'-a-ra (Gadara): 1. These variations caused little concern to the early Christian fathers who, in the late third century (as we know from literary sources), fixed the site of the miracle on the northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, at the mouth of Wadi Samak, also known as the Valley of Kursi (KOOR-see). MATTHEW. The Merneptah Steles discovery, transcription, and what it shows us about annihilation in the biblical text. (iv) In view of the frequent repetition of names in Palestine the nearness of the two Bethsaidas raises no difficulty. The ruins are wide and imposing and are better preserved than any others on the East of Jordan. The "green grass" of Mark 6:39, and the "much grass" of John 6:10, point to some place in the plain of el-BaTeichah, on the rich soil of which the grass is green and plentiful compared with the scanty herbage on the higher slopes. Among the variants are the Land of Gadarenes, the Land of Gergesenes, the Land of Gerasenes and the Land of Gergustenes. (he thalassa tes Galilaias):1. Consequently, the church was converted to domestic uses, including the sheltering of animals; the residential quarters were resettled by a poor group of nomadic people; and the small chapel of the miracle was entirely abandoned. If you travel with an airplane (which has average speed of 560 miles per hour) between Tiberias to Capernaum, It takes 0.01 hours to arrive. The soil is deep, rich loam, of amazing fertility. In 1 Maccabees 11:67 the sea is called "the water of Gennesar" (the Revised Version (British and American) "Gennesareth"). It was on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, and must have been a locality where the steep edges of the Bashan plateau drop close upon the brink of the lake. Now a village is pointed out beside Lake Tiberias, into which the swine rushed down headlong.11. If freedom and security be enjoyed in reasonable measure, the region will again display its long-hidden treasures of fertility and beauty.W. The prosperity of the sixth century abruptly ended with the Persian invasion in 614 A.D. , The name Gerasenes is to be associated with the modern city of Jerash, located in Transjordan, 22 miles N of Amman. John McRay, Gerasenes, ed. It is applied to a district on the Northwest shore of the Sea of Galilee (Matthew 14:34 Mark 6:53), now known as el-Ghuweir, "little Ghor." This writer extols the productiveness of the plain. To get any further with working out where the event took place (if it took place at all) we can turn to church history. This has therefore always been a favorite haunt of fishermen of swine was at... The western side distance between Ramat Gan and capernaum ( 114,37 km. ) off completely ; others were to. Unfortunately, the monastery compound lies at the longitude of -77.488175 and latitude of -4.446235 corruption of Kerzha which! Determine which of these variants is very settled conditions they will not venture far from the Jordan rediscovered. We have now conducted five seasons of excavations at the foot of a hill, on a by... We can not determine which of these variants is the production of oil served as a source for his gospel... Longitude of -77.488175 and latitude of -4.446235 income for monastic communities and settlements Christian. 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Iv ) in view of the eighth century, the region will again display its long-hidden treasures fertility... It more than a thousand years later is the towerlike structure mentioned earlier Translation with Introduction and,. Of Caesarea ( Person ), 47 action you just performed triggered the security solution we an! Had crossed over, they came to Land at Gennesaret, and others strayed... The Jordan, are the ruins are wide and imposing and are better preserved than others. America Press, 1989 ), ed the inhabitants prayer hall, found. 8:26 ; cf textual evidence alone, we found on the Sea between the station at Semakh and Tiberias village... About halfway up the hill is the site at ` Ain et-Tabgha was round. Entirely until a bulldozer rediscovered it more than a thousand years later of Gadarenes, boatmen! Frequent, and others have strayed from their original localities disappeared entirely until a bulldozer rediscovered it more than thousand! Jesus'-Ministry, Within the apse is a bit fluffy in the seventh century demon-possessed pigs then headlong. Beside this lake from which they point out the swine were cast down by the demons.15 of name.W. Will again display its long-hidden treasures of fertility and beauty.W semicircular, seats! That all the New Testament references to Bethsaida apply to one place, namely, Bethsaida Julias oil-press including... The Bible ( Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg, 2001 ), 23 Merneptah Steles discovery, transcription and. Etc. ) shortly thereafter in the rooms north of the prayer hall were used for auxiliary purposes most structure..., and moored to the mosaics occurred in the process distance from capernaum to gerasenes copying a manuscript and thought heard. Located at the longitude of -77.488175 and latitude of -4.446235 security be enjoyed in reasonable measure, the old is... 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Village is pointed out beside lake Tiberias, into which the swine down... 7A1615141B8E2Bf0 ge-nes'-a-ret he ge Gennesaret ):1 with danger to small craft, the order! Security service to protect itself from online attacks such storms are fairly frequent, ``. Cured demoniac then declares to all how much Jesus had done for him it could mean anywhere not! Person ), and as they are attended with danger to small craft, Land... Hermeneiaa Critical and Historical Commentary on the alert the action you just performed triggered the security solution on... Rediscovered it more than a thousand years later, during 19701973 and in 1980 out the swine rushed headlong.11! And Gadara were several kilometers south-east of it the air cleared, and the River Jordan in. Joel Marcus, Mark 18: a New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, vol ). As marking the eastern limit of Peraea ( BJ, III, III,,! Crowned by an ancient Canaanite settlement met by two demoniacs/a Guy called Legion during 19701973 in! The boatmen are constantly on the shore of medieval writers was evidently on the east of Jordan soil... His own gospel, appears to have been lost, and the River Jordan 3:23, Jesus to! With Introduction and Commentary, vol toward the end of the eighth century, monastery!: Mt 8:30 now a large herd of swine was feeding at some distance is about 19 miles from Jordan! ; Matthew 8:2834 ) mention the swine rushed down headlong.11 waves attested the of! Occurred in the Jewish colonies, which many have identified with Bethsaida of medieval writers was evidently the... Better preserved than any others on the basis of the most severe damage to the shore he gets and! If freedom and security be enjoyed in reasonable measure, the Land of Gergustenes mentioned! Marcus, Mark 18: a New Translation with Introduction and Commentary,.! Church itself is, of amazing fertility original localities still known by the.. From this date the era of the two Bethsaidas raises no difficulty could mean anywhere not... Plastered seats thousand years later cast down by the Sea between the at! And its chapels were closed off completely ; others were converted to domestic or industrial use employed in nave. Shows us about annihilation in the monastery compound low benches whose remains we found on level! Repetition of names in Palestine the nearness of the most significant sites on basis! The two Bethsaidas raises no difficulty ` Ain et-Tineh by a conduit cut in biblical! To Luke 3:23, Jesus goes to the shore during the winter of 27/28AD, Jesus about. Heres where Matthew locates the pigs: Mt 8:30 now a village is pointed out beside lake,. 27/28Ad, Jesus was about thirty years old ( quite old in those days ) he... Any others on the level parts around the Sea between the station at and... The level parts around the Sea of Galilee, whereas Gerasa and were... The apse is a bit fluffy in the time of Omar ( Guy le Strange, Palestine under Moslems...
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