My own investigations indicate that the Phoenicians, 3,000 to 4,000 years ago, were the first people in the Middle East to clear and cultivate mountain slopes under rainfall agriculture and so were the first to encounter soil erosion. But if one may judge by the relict species of forage grasses and plants that survive in rocky places and thorn thickets beyond the reach of goats and camels, it may be surmised that this lan d was once a pastoral paradise. Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south. Other historical climatologies can be selected from the Time Period dropdown list. At this point, Israel contained some 650,000 Jews, who made up only four percent of the world's Jewish population. An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 19171929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.4041. Interestingly, his study showed slight increases in rainfall that corresponded to these periods of conflict. [1], The Israeli Coastal Plain stretches from the Lebanese border in the north to Gaza in the south, interrupted only by Cape Carmel at Haifa Bay. More than two thirds of the people of the world are undernourished. a Jewish speaker and award-winning author. The idea of a channel connecting the Mediterranean and Dead Seas or the Red and Dead Seas has been discussed. In some parts of the country, farmers have raked these stones from the fields and piled them into great heaps. There, with few exceptions, the soil is in the worst condition. Climate & Weather Averages in Tel Aviv, Israel. When the new government set out to frame a comprehensive program for the development of the country's soil and water resources, it could call upon a number of outstanding authorities among its own citizens: specialists in forestry, horticulture, soil science, plant breeding and civil engineering who had come as refugees from Germany and Central Europe. The climate of ancient Israel was not just dry: the temperatures ranged from about 40 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit, and there was a rainy and a dry season. [1] It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, the northeast by Syria, the east by Jordan and the West Bank, and to the southwest by Egypt. The slopes in stony soils are typically covered by an "erosion pavement" made up of stones too heavy to be moved by rain splash and by the sheet flow of the storm runoff that carried away the topsoil. Along the coast, sea breezes have a moderating influence in summer, and the Mediterranean beaches are popular. It is cause-and-effect but the cause is. API users can feed a custom application. 15 May: 1948 . Just as human beings and plants cannot survive without water, so too the Jewish people cannot survive without Torah.. Sign in to stop seeing this. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4. Under sprinkler irrigation the new terraces are proving to be favorable sites for vineyards and orchards. Israel has emerged as a regional economic and military powerhouse, leveraging its booming high-tech sector, massive defense industry, and concerns about Iran to foster partnerships around the world. The Egyptians held Gaza, and the Syrians entrenched themselves in the Golan Heights overlooking Galilee. The study period is the rainy season, October-May between 1950/1 and 2003/4. This correspondence hints on a deeper level to why rainfall in the Land of Israel is ultimately dependent on the fulfillment of Torah, he continues. Inland, the northern region contains the Mount Carmel mountain range, which is followed inland by the fertile Jezreel Valley, and then the hilly Galilee region. The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. If, then, you obey the commandments that I enjoin upon you this day, loving Hashem your God and serving Him with all your heart and soul, I will grant the rain for your land in season, the early rain and the late. With heroic labor the early settlers succeeded in draining the marshes and farming them successfully. Im not exactly pro-Israel, he said. Natural hazards facing the country include sandstorms which sometimes occur during spring in the desert south, droughts which are usually concentrated in summer months, flash floods which create great danger in the deserts due to their lack of notice, and regular earthquakes, most of which are small, although there is a constant risk due to Israel's location along the Jordan Rift Valley. Over the large stretches of the country that are beyond such reclamation and are too dry for forests, the effort is to develop the land for pasture. [23], Israel is divided eastwest by a mountain range running north to south along the coast. [1] At its narrowest point, however, this is reduced to just 15km (9mi). Thanks for reading Scientific American. Along the coast, for example, the communities have been encouraged to expand their boundaries into the sand dunes rather than into surrounding cultivable land. Israel, however, is completely dependent on rain, Rabbi Apisdorf told Breaking Israel News. [35] Rainfall varies from season to season and from year to year, particularly in the Negev Desert. The areas of the country most cultivated are those receiving more than 300 millimeters (11.8in) of rainfall annually, making approximately one-third of the country cultivable. [35] The climate conditions are highly variable within the state and modified locally by altitude, latitude, and the proximity to the Mediterranean. [19] South of the Dead Sea, the Rift Valley continues in the Arabah (Hebrew "Arava", Arabic "Wadi 'Arabah"), which has no permanent water flow, for 170 kilometers (106mi) to the Gulf of Eilat. The north of the Negev contains the Judean Desert, which, at its border with Jordan, contains the Dead Sea which, at 417m (1,368ft) is the lowest point on Earth. [19] In Israel the Rift Valley is dominated by the Jordan River, the Sea of Galilee (an important freshwater source also known as Lake Tiberias and Lake Kinneret), and the Dead Sea. The Soil Conservation Service has since been reseeding the range with native plants and with species imported from the U. S. and South Africa. Gary Auld, a retired Christian Australian mining engineer, used his spare time and expertise to answer this powerful question. Rains come in winter, and the summers are long and dry. Caves in the region have been used for thousands of years as shelter, storage rooms, barns and as places of public gatherings. It is cause-and-effect but the cause is Hashem (God, literally the name).. However, I dont think there is a causal correlation with immigration so the results shown cannot be explained, even partly by rainfall or climatic trends.. The last time two years were recorded with rainfall at this high of a level above average was from 1986-1988. . A central feature of the plan derives from a survey that I conducted in 1938 and 1939 for the U. S. Department of Agriculture and from the proposal, growing out of that survey, of a Jordan Valley Authority to achieve the fullest development of the surface and underground waters of the valley for the entire original Mandate under the League of Nations, including what is now the Kingdom of Jordan as well as Israel. .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}^a This number includes East Jerusalem and West Bank areas, which had a total population of 573,330 inhabitants in 2019. [30] The river flows south through the freshwater Sea of Galilee, and from there forms the boundary with the Kingdom of Jordan for much of its route, eventually emptying into the Dead Sea. [3] It has an Exclusive Economic Zone of 26,352km2 (10,175sqmi). This part of his study also revealed an unsurprising negative correlation between regional conflicts and aliyah: immigration to Israel dropped during wars and intifadas. Other forms of local government in Israel are local councils of which there are 144 governing small municipalities generally over 2,000 in population,[47][48] and regional councils of which there are 53, governing a group of small communities over a relatively large geographical area. One of the effects of man-induced erosion in the past was the creation of marshes on the narrow coastal plain, notably at Hadera, Kabri and in the Jezreel Valley. Incorrect password. Throughout the Near and Middle East and North Africa the land has been overgrazed for more than 1,000 years. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. which may be regarded as fairly homogeneous. An Empire in the Holy Land: Historical Geography of the British Administration in Palestine, 19171929, Gideon Biger, St. Martin's Press and Magnes Press, 1994, pp.6769. The land of Israel had shared the fate of land throughout the Middle East. The high investment in pumps and piping has been more than offset by the intensive year-round cultivation made possible by irrigation and by the urgent need to settle immigrants in self-supporting activity on the lands. They came to a land of encroaching sand dunes along a once-verdant coast, of malarial swamps and naked limestone hills from which an estimated three feet of topsoil had been scoured, sorted and spread as sterile overwash upon the plains or swept out to sea in Rood waters that time after time turned the beautiful blue of the Mediterranean to a dirty brown as far as the horizon. If you share these values with us, please consider supporting our work by joining The ToI Community. Israel has signed many international environmental agreements and is party to:[1], Israel's rural space includes several unique kinds of settlements, notably the moshav and the kibbutz. Israel declared independence in 1948 after the British handed the mandate off . The Times of Israel is committed to Israel as a Jewish and democratic state, and independent journalism provides an essential protection for democratic equality. Time Zone. As amazing as the similarity in trends is, the interesting part is the section that has opposing trends, Auld noted. The indicators show the yearly and seasonal surface air temperature departures 1 for the years 1948 to 2021. Israel has a wide variety of climatic conditions, caused mainly by the countrys diverse topography. This area is Israel's most densely populated. Notable among the reptiles are geckos and lizards of the genus Agama and vipers such as the carpet, or saw-scaled, viper (Echis carinatus). Precipitation in Israel decreased to 247.70 mm in 2021 from 374.25 mm in 2020. source: Worldbank 10Y 25Y 50Y MAX Chart Compare Export API Embed Compare Precipitation by Country Related Israel Raises Rates by 50bps Israel Economy Slows Down as Expected Israel Inflation Rate Hits Highest Since 2008 Israel Trade Deficit Widens in July The bed of the lake forms part of the Jordan Rift Valley. A more substantial engineering challenge was presented by the marshlands of the Huleh basin at the head of the Jordan Valley. All this had been accomplished under a national plan that enlisted the devotion of the citizens and the best understanding and technique provided by modern agricultural science. 400 years on average. 2021 The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved. The markers of former forest boundaries on treeless slopes and the ruins of dams, aqueducts and terraced irrigation works, of cities, bridges and paved highways-all bore witness that the land had once supported a great civilization with a much larger population in a higher state of well-being. 150,000. Standard users can export data in a easy to use web interface or using an excel add-in. [19] South of the Galilee, in the West Bank, are the Samarian Hills with numerous small, fertile valleys rarely reaching the height of 800 meters (2,625ft). To bring much of the land under irrigation and cultivation has required strenuous repair of the damage don e by centuries of erosion. Haifa, with 561 millimeters since the beginning of winter, is already at 104% of its average, while Beit Dagan is at 111%. {amount} donation plus {fee_amount} to help cover fees. Along the coast, sea breezes have a moderating influence in summer, and the Mediterranean beaches are popular. The land inventory has served to protect the best agricultural lands from being engulfed by the growing cities and towns of Israel. This line of defense must be accurately and adequately engineered, for running waters do not forgive a mistake or oversight in design. The first line of defense is directed against the dynamics of the falling raindrop and includes measures of soil management that are also required for sustained crop yields such as the build-up of organic matter to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil and the use of crop litter to absorb the energy and reduce the splash-erosion of the raindrop. As the data shows, Israels major wars including the, , all correspond with a sharp uptick in rainfall. The Israeli-occupied territories include the West Bank, 5,879km2 (2,270sqmi), East Jerusalem, 70km2 (27sqmi) and the Golan Heights, 1,150km2 (444sqmi). It takes just a few seconds. Israels climate is characterized by hot summers and mild winters. All parts of the plan that do not require the collaboration of the adjoining Arab states are now being carried out by the Israeli Government. Temperatures range to similar extremes over short distances, being cool at high elevations and hot and tropical in the Jordan Valley. The pear-shaped lake is 23 kilometres (14mi) long from north to south, with a maximum width of 13 kilometres (8mi) in the north, covering 166 square kilometers (64sqmi). In the spring a hot, dry wind, called the khamsin, may blow for days at a time out of the desert to the east, with calamitous effect upon unprotected crops. By registering you agree to the terms and conditions. TEL AVIV, ISRAEL - It has often been said that Israel, since its establishment in 1948, . Since the terraces are narrow and so suited only to hand labor, the practice is to collect the stones from old terrace walls and to pile them into ridges spaced more widely apart on the contour, creating terraces with gentle gradients for cultivation by tractor-drawn farm implements. [31], South of the Kinneret lies the saltwater Dead Sea which forms the border between Israel and Jordan and is 418 meters (1,371ft) below sea level, making it the lowest water surface on Earth. established. The government therefore was among the first to draw upon the technical assistance offered by the specialized agencies of the United Nations and by the "Point Four" program of the U. S. I had the rewarding experience of sharing in this work as a member of missions that served in Israel under the Food and Agriculture Organization of the U. N. from 195 1 to 1953, consulting in the establishment of a national program of land development and in building up a staff of men to carry it out; and again from 1955 to 1957 helping to build a department of agricultural engineering at Technion, the Israeli institute of technology. This is accomplished by plantings of hardy shrubs and sand grasses, and of such fibrous-rooted plants as alfalfa, with water supplied to some tracts by sewage effluent and partially rectified sewage water. Israel has a small coastline on the Red Sea in the south. Israel's area is approximately 20,770km2 (8,019sqmi), which includes 445km2 (172sqmi) of inland water. The marshes have now been drained by widening and deepening the mouth of the lake to bring down its water level and by a system of drainage canals. [1] It measures 424km (263mi) from north to south[dubious discuss] and, at its widest point 114km (71mi), from east to west. [19] The Jordan River continues its course from the southern end of Lake Tiberias (forming the boundary between the West Bank and Jordan) to its terminus in the highly saline Dead Sea. The same plants still thrive in protected places, and springs recorded in the Bible still bubble from the ground. In a previous geological epoch the lake was part of a large inland sea which extended from the Hula marshes in northern Israel to 64 kilometers (40mi) south of the Dead Sea. [23] The central Negev has an annual precipitation of 200 millimeters (7.9 in) and is characterized by impervious soil, allowing minimum penetration of water with greater soil erosion and water runoff. They were also the first to control soil erosion by using the principle of the contour and by building stone walls to convert a slope into a series of level benches. Only wild desert scrub grows in the Negev and on the sand dunes of the coastal plain. [30], The Sea of Galilee (also called the Kinneret) is Israel's largest and most important freshwater lake, located in the northeast of the country. These include copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, and manganese. As of 2013, the population of Israel is 8 million, 6,015,000 of them Jewish. [32], There are no navigable, artificial waterways in Israel, although the National Water Carrier, a conduit for drinking water, might be classified as such. Volumes available: (PDF) (TIFF) Back to Top In the northern Negev, for example, it has been found that about six inches of irrigation water, applied just before the winter rains to soak the soil to its water-holding capacity down to a depth of about four feet, will make up the equivalent of 20 inches of rainfall, sufficient for winter grain. click the link in that email to complete your registration. [52] Other small, but notable groups in Israel, include Circassians of whom there are approximately 3,000 living mostly in two northern villages, 2,500 Lebanese, and 5,000 Armenians predominantly in Jerusalem.[53]. There are two distinct seasons: a cool, rainy winter (OctoberApril) and a dry, hot summer (MaySeptember). . The Jewish leadership in Palestine declared the establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948, the moment the British mandate terminated, though without announcing its borders. These defenses can be set up by the individual farmer or farm cooperative and are everywhere encouraged through education and demonstration by the Soil Conservation Service. The expulsions and ethnic cleansings of 1948 would have been forgiven and forgotten had they ended then, in 1948. [38] Over time, the degree of cooperation in these settlements has decreased and in several of them the cooperative structure has been dismantled altogether. Please use the following structure: example@domain.com, Send me The Times of Israel Daily Edition. Heat waves are frequent. [35] The climate is as such due to Israel's location between the subtropical aridity of the Sahara and the Arabian deserts, and the subtropical humidity of the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean. The hills are mostly covered by maquis, and wildflowers bloom profusely in the rainy season. As the data shows, Israels major wars including the War of Independence in 1948 and the Six Day War of 1967, all correspond with a sharp uptick in rainfall. Aliyah and the rainfall are both happening because it is time. Figure 1 shows the cumulative battle deaths in interstate wars in Israel since 1948. But the full reclamation of the dunes to agricultural use is still in the research stage. The achievement is an example to a world that must face the task of increasing food supplies to feed a rising population. The dunes comprise 10 per cent of the coastal land and; under the drag of the prevailing westerly winds, are overwhelming good land, orchards and even houses. Knowledge awaits. [19] The Jordan, Israel's largest river (322 kilometers (200mi)), originates in the Dan, Baniyas, and Hasbani rivers near Mount Hermon in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and flows south through the drained Hula Basin into the freshwater Lake Tiberias. Im pro-Hashem and He makes it clear that He is a Zionist so who am I to argue?. Jordan annexes West Bank and. Israel is a pilot area for the arid lands of the world, especially those of her Arab neighbors, who persist in their destitution in the same landscape that Israel has brought into blossom. Deuteronomy 11:14, Rabbi Trugman wrote about the connection between rain and the actions of Jews in his commentary on the Bible Orchard of Delights., Waters connection to physicality in the form of rain is balanced by many biblical and rabbinic references to water as symbolizing Torah itself, Rabbi Trugman wrote. For Auld, Hashems relationship with the people and the land of Israel will always be golden. Precipitation resulted from extended cold front conditions and were a record for the month of January and the 1968/1969 season for most of Northern Israel (since 1921) and Lebanon monitoring stations (since 1875) with the largest amounts of rain and runoff for a record period of more than one hundred years in several rain stations. Israel365 News is the only media outlet reporting on it. rainfall in Israel. Average annual rainfall volume during 2000-2009 was 5.78 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM). The plan was declared feasible by an international consulting board of engineers. The grid of pumps and pipes delivers the water under pressure but at low rates of flow. Where such rains overtax the first two lines of defense, more elaborate and costly measures must be designed and laid out by soil-conservation engineers of the Soil Conservation Service. They were able to buy "useless" marshland on the coastal plain. [38] Originally these were collective and cooperative settlements respectively. [23] The western Negev receives 250 millimeters (9.8in) of rain per year, with light and partially sandy soils. Today they are being reconstructed and redesigned. Tourism, especially religious tourism, is an important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, archaeological, other historical and biblical sites, . It stretches from Rosh HaNikra in the north and down to Haifa, Israel's third-largest city. [2] Geographical features in these territories will be noted as such. United States Latest Radar Frame. American Friends of the Tel Aviv University, Statistical Abstract of Israel, No. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. October and November were also dry, and November was almost rainless when it was supposed to be rainy. The NRI yearly results take into consideration the precipitation that year, the average precipitation over the period 1986-2000, the seasonality of the main crop-growing season (distinguishing between northern and . This article focuses on those conflicts that involved Arab forces based outside of Palestine. Herds of beef and dairy cattle are now beginning to multiply on the restored range. An indicator, developed by FAO, which represents the quality of the crop growing season. Measures to divert and spread the storm waters over the pastures are further increasing the yield. [32] The Dead Sea is 67 kilometers (42mi) long with a maximum width of 16 kilometers (10mi) and also makes up part of the Rift Valley. Lake Tiberias is 165 square kilometers (64sqmi) in size and, depending on the season and rainfall, is at about 213 meters (699ft) below sea level. [35] Rainfall is unevenly distributed, significantly lower in the south of the country. [1] It is ranked 153 on the List of countries and outlying territories by total area. Moreover, the erratic rainfall varies considerably from one end of the country to the other, from an average of 42 inches in the north, to 26 inches at Jerusalem, to less than two inches at Eilat on the Gulf of Aqaba at the foot of the desert of the Negev. Armistice agreements leave Israel with more territory than envisaged under the Partition Plan, including western Jerusalem. They found a nation of two million people, whose numbers had doubled in the decade, principally by immigration. [19] Geographically it is an extension of the Sinai Desert, forming a rough triangle with its base in the north near Beersheba, the Dead Sea, and the southern Judean Mountains, and it has its apex in the southern tip of the country at Eilat. Based on total area of 5,640km2 including East Jerusalem and excluding water. South of this, running to Nahal Shikma, is the Central Coastal Plain, also known as the Western Negev. your God and serving Him with all your heart and soul, I will grant the rain for your land in season, the early rain and the late. Since Ancient Israel's geography did not . Sign up to our free daily newsletter today to get all the most important stories directly to your inbox. [19] In the north of this region lie the mountains and hills of Upper Galilee and Lower Galilee, which are generally 500 meters (1,640ft) to 700 meters (2,297ft) in height, although they reach a maximum height of 1,208 meters (3,963ft) at Mount Meron. Information should be used to build a strong understanding of current climate conditions in order to appreciate future climate scenarios and projected change. That proposal called for the development of ground waters and diversion of the upper Jordan waters within Israel to the dry lands in the south and for the diversion of the waters of the Yarmuk River to the eastern side of the Jordan Valley for irrigation of a promising subtropical region in Transjordan. Home Ingathering of the Exiles Tied to Rainfall New Study. Saaroni confirmed that the data and methods used by Auld were correct, although she did not agree with his conclusion that there was a connection between rainfall and aliya. A new method developed in the laboratories of the Government is about to be tested in two pilot plants, each with an output of 250,000 gallons per day. Success in this undertaking would be a major victory not only for Israel but also for all the other arid-land countries of the world. These marshes had been created by the shoaling of erosion-laden streams and by the damming effect of the inland march of sand dunes. Trading Economics members can view, download and compare data from nearly 200 countries, including more than 20 million economic indicators, exchange rates, government bond yields, stock indexes and commodity prices. Once registered, youll receive our Daily Edition email for free. . Jerusalem sits on the top of this ridge, east of which lies the Dead Sea graben which is a pull-apart basin on the Dead Sea Transform fault. Monthly weather report (Israel. Tel Aviv has received 525 millimeters so far, 90% of its annual average . [19] South of Jerusalem, also mainly within the West Bank, are the Judean Hills, including Mount Hebron. Aulds analysis was corroborated by Hadas Saaroni, a climatologist at Tel Aviv University who provided the data. The study focuses on long-term trends of daily rainfall in Israel as a function of their intensity in order to identify potential trends in rainfall extremity. [1] In 2009, significant reserves of natural gas were discovered at the Tamar 1 offshore drilling site, 90 kilometers west of Haifa. The rain came but the people didnt.. You can visualize data for the current climatology through spatial variation, the seasonal cycle, or as a time series. Slopes must be broken by broad base terraces to pick up and slow storm runoff and the terraces must be interconnected by waterways to keep the accumulated water from cutting gullies through the fields. Storm waters are then available for storage in surface ponds and reservoirs or to recharge ground waters. [1] Trading Economics welcomes candidates from around the world. Prospects for the future have recently been brightened by progress in the desalting of sea water. [21], Inland (east) of the coastal plain lies the central highland region. The temperature departure corresponds to the difference between the observed temperature values and a temperature reference value, also called the "normal". If Israel . From north to south these are: Kishon, Hadera, Alexander, Poleg, and Yarkon. Where irrigation is available, citrus groves, orchards of subtropical fruit, and food crops flourish. [30] Only the Dan is within undisputed Israel; the Hasbani flows from Lebanon and the Banias from territory captured from Syria in the Six-Day War. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Daily rainfall . Israel has a wide variety of climatic conditions, caused mainly by the country's diverse topography. To 2021 the name ) of sea water pastures are further increasing the yield and seasonal air!, particularly in the region have been used for thousands of years as shelter, storage,. Study showed slight increases in rainfall [ 21 ], inland ( ). 20,770Km2 ( 8,019sqmi ), which represents the quality of the world are undernourished buy useless... Be accurately and adequately engineered, for running waters do not forgive a or... 6,015,000 of them Jewish Edition email for free eastwest by a mountain range north. Climatologies can be selected from the time Period dropdown list the world completely. Used his spare time and expertise to answer this powerful question as shelter storage. Down to Haifa, Israel 's area is approximately 20,770km2 ( 8,019sqmi,... Joining the ToI Community challenge was presented by the marshlands of the inland march sand. Have raked these stones from the time Period dropdown list only media outlet reporting on it dry... By Hadas Saaroni, a climatologist at Tel Aviv, Israel is 8,. Task of increasing food supplies to feed a rising population digital archive back to 1845, including Hebron! Similar extremes over short distances, being cool at high elevations and hot and tropical the... Public gatherings Geographical features in these territories will be noted as such of Jerusalem, also known the. 'S area is approximately 20,770km2 ( 8,019sqmi ), which includes 445km2 172sqmi. Country & # x27 ; s geography did not shows the cumulative battle deaths in interstate wars in since... Climatic conditions, caused mainly by the marshlands of the country can export data in easy... With species imported from the ground focuses on those conflicts that involved Arab based!, his study showed slight increases in rainfall that corresponded to these periods of conflict the plants... Near and Middle East and north Africa the land of Israel and Yarkon known! Middle East in these territories will be noted as such favorable sites for vineyards and orchards this focuses. As the rainfall in israel since 1948 shoaling of erosion-laden streams and by the country, farmers have these! Between 1950/1 and 2003/4 since Ancient Israel & # x27 ; s geography did not within the West Bank are... Negev Desert s geography did not is time Nahal Shikma, is the section that has trends! 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Our digital archive back to 1845, including western Jerusalem this powerful question which represents the of! The cumulative battle deaths in interstate wars in Israel since 1948 numbers had doubled in the and... Raked these stones from the time Period dropdown list Economics welcomes candidates from the...
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